Digital twin modeling and controlling of optical power evolution enabling autonomous-driving optical networks:a Bayesian approach

Optical networks are evolving toward ultrawide bandwidth and autonomous operation.In this scenario,it is crucial to accurately model and control optical power evolutions(OPEs)through optical amplifiers(OAs),as they directly affect the signal-to-noise ratio and fiber nonlinearities.However,a fundamental contradiction arises between the complex physical phenomena in optical transmission and the required precision in network control.Traditional theoretical methods underperform due to ideal assumptions,while data-driven approaches entail exorbitant costs associated with acquiring massive amounts of data to achieve the desired level of accuracy.In this work,we propose a Bayesian inference framework(BIF)to construct the digital twin of OAs and control OPE in a data-efficient manner.Only the informative data are collected to balance the exploration and exploitation of the data space,thus enabling efficient autonomous-driving optical networks(ADONs).Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the BIF can reduce the data size for modeling erbium-doped fiber amplifiers by 80%and Raman amplifiers by 60%.Within 30 iterations,the optimal controlling performance can be achieved to realize target signal/gain profiles in links with different types of OAs.The results show that the BIF paves the way to accurately model and control OPE for future ADONs.

Four-dimensional direct detection receiver enabling Jones-space field recovery with phase and polarization diversity

Data centers,the engines of the global Internet,rely on powerful high-speed optical interconnects.In optical fiber communication,classic direct detection captures only the intensity of the optical field,while the coherent detection counterpart utilizes both phase and polarization diversities at the expense of requiring a narrow-linewidth and high-stability local oscillator(LO).Herein,we propose and demonstrate a four-dimensional Jones-space optical field recovery(4-D JSFR)scheme without an LO.The polarization-diverse full-field receiver structure captures information encoded in the intensity and phase of both polarizations,which can be subsequently extracted digitally.To our knowledge,our proposed receiver achieves the highest electrical spectral efficiency among existing direct detection systems and potentially provides similar electrical spectral efficiency as standard intradyne coherent detection systems.The fully recovered optical field extends the transmission distance beyond the limitations imposed by fiber chromatic dispersion.Moreover,the LO-free advantage makes 4-D JSFR suitable for photonic integration,offering a spectrally efficient and cost-effective solution for massively parallel data center interconnects.Our results may contribute to the ongoing developments in the theory of optical field recovery and the potential design considerations for future high-speed optical transceivers.