A Linear Operator Method to Compute the Normal Modes with Rotation of any Asymmetric 3D Planet with Pure Vector Spherical Harmonics

In order to compute the free core nutation of the terrestrial planets, such as Earth and Mars, the Moon and lower degree normal modes of the Jovian planets, we propose a linear operator method(LOM). Generalized surface spherical harmonics(GSSHs) are usually applied to the elliptical models with a stress tensor, which cannot be expressed in vector spherical harmonics explicitly. However, GSSHs involve complicated math. LOM is an alternative to GSSHs,whereas it only deals with the coupling fields of the same azimuthal order m, as is the case when a planet model is axially symmetric and rotates about that symmetry axis. We extend LOM to any asymmetric 3D model. The lower degree spheroidal modes of the Earth are computed to validate our method, and the results agree very well with what is observed. We also compute the normal modes of a two-layer Saturn model as a simple application.

A Spectral Element Method to Compute Earth’s Free Core Nutation

The Free Core Nutation(FCN)is a rotational mode caused by non-alignment of the rotation axis of the core and of the mantle.Its period observed by VLBI and superconducting gravimetry is around 430 sidereal days(Sd)with precision of better than 1 Sd,while its“theoretical”period calculated by traditional approaches and a given Earth model ranges from 450 to 470 Sd.Their gap of about 30 Sd is significant compared with its observation precision.We propose a spectral element method to compute the period of FCN and obtain a period of 434 Sd which is very close to the observed value.

白芨多糖载纳米粒对肝癌小鼠抗肿瘤活性的实验研究

目的研究白芨多糖载纳米粒对肝癌小鼠的抗肿瘤活性。方法选择60只健康雌性ICR小鼠,复制小鼠肝癌的实体瘤模型,随机分成A、B、C 3组,每组20只。其中,A组注射生理盐水,B组注射紫杉醇溶液,C组注射白芨多糖为载体的紫杉醇纳米粒。连续给药2周后处死各组小鼠,解剖得到肝癌肿瘤,比较各组小鼠的瘤重、瘤体积、抑瘤率、肝脏指数、脾脏指数、胸腺指数等抗肿瘤活性指标。结果 (1)与A组相比,B、C组小鼠的瘤重、瘤体积变小,且C组变小幅度大于B组(P <0.05)。以A组为参照,B组小鼠抑瘤率为16.86%、C组抑瘤率为45.84%,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),表明白芨多糖载体的紫杉醇纳米粒有较高的抗肿瘤活性。(2)与A组相比,B、C组小鼠肝脏指数降低,且C组降低幅度更大(P <0.05);脾脏指数、胸腺指数升高,且C组升高幅度大于B组(P<0.05)。结论以白芨多糖为载体制备的紫杉醇纳米粒对肝癌有较强的抗肿瘤活性,可减小肝癌小鼠的瘤重、瘤体积,提高抑瘤率,改善携瘤小鼠的肝脏指数、脾脏指数、胸腺指数。白芨多糖可作为难溶性药物载体,有较高的临床应用价值。

Three New Anthraquinones from Polygonum cillinerve

Three new anthraquinones, emodin-8-β-D-（2＂-O-coumarate）glucoside 1, emodin-8-β-D-（6＇-O-acetyl）glucoside 2 and physicon-8-β-D-（6＇-O-acetyl）glucoside 3, were isolated from the roots of Polygonum cillinerve and their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. The biological activity indicated that compound 1 had the scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radicals （the IC50 = 8.5 μmol/L）, and compound 1-3 showed no activities against HL-60 and BCJC-823 cells by MTT method in vitro.

Two new limonoids from Melia toosendan

Two new limonoid-type triterpenoids, named 12-o-ethyl-l-deacetylnimbolinin B and 1-o-tigloyl-1-o-debenzoylohchinal, have been isolated from the fruit of Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc. Their structures were elucidated by spectral methods, including 2D-NMR spectra.

Tight gas production model considering TPG as a function of pore pressure,permeability and water saturation

Threshold pressure gradient has great importance in efficient tight gas field development as well as for research and laboratory experiments.This experimental study is carried out to investigate the threshold pressure gradient in detail.Experiments are carried out with and without back pressure so that the effect of pore pressure on threshold pressure gradient may be observed.The trend of increasing or decreasing the threshold pressure gradient is totally opposite in the cases of considering and not considering the pore pressure.The results demonstrate that the pore pressure of tight gas reservoirs has great influence on threshold pressure gradient.The effects of other parameters like permeability and water saturation,in the presence of pore pressure,on threshold pressure gradient are also examined which show that the threshold pressure gradient increases with either a decrease in permeability or an increase in water saturation.Two new correlations of threshold pressure gradient on the basis of pore pressure and permeability,and pore pressure and water saturation,are also introduced.Based on these equations,new models for tight gas production are proposed.The gas slip correction factor is also considered during derivation of this proposed tight gas production models.Inflow performance relationship curves based on these proposed models show that production rates and absolute open flow potential are always be overestimated while ignoring the threshold pressure gradients.

A new model for predicting irreducible water saturation in tight gas reservoirs

The irreducible water saturation(Swir) is a significant parameter for relative permeability prediction and initial hydrocarbon reserves estimation.However,the complex pore structures of the tight rocks and multiple factors of the formation conditions make the parameter difficult to be accurately predicted by the conventional methods in tight gas reservoirs.In this study,a new model was derived to calculate Swir based on the capillary model and the fractal theory.The model incorporated different types of immobile water and considered the stress effect.The dead or stationary water(DSW) was considered in this model,which described the phenomena of water trapped in the dead-end pores due to detour flow and complex pore structures.The water film,stress effect and formation temperature were also considered in the proposed model.The results calculated by the proposed model are in a good agreement with the experimental data.This proves that for tight sandstone gas reservoirs the Swir calculated from the new model is more accurate.The irreducible water saturation calculated from the new model reveals that Swir is controlled by the critical capillary radius,DSW coefficient,effective stress and formation temperature.

Two New Compounds from Lindera chunii Merr.

Two new compounds, linderafurane A and linchuniinone, were isolated from the root of Lindera chunii Merr.. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and their activities against HIV-1 integrase were evaluated.

The effect of the differential rotation of the earth inner core on the free core nutation

Seismic observations shows that the inner core rotates faster than the mantle and the rotation axis of the inner core may not align with the rotation axis of the mantle. Free core nutation reflects core's information. We discuss the effect of the inner core's differential rotation on free core nutation from two aspects: rotation speed and deflection angle. Our result shows it is in accordance with the observations when the inner core's rotation speed doesn't exceed 10° faster than mantle's per year, and the deflection angle is less than 1°,if the rotation speed and the deflection angle are respectively considered separately.

Influence of Megaregolith on the Thermal Evolution of Mercury's Silicate Shell

A so-called megaregolith layer that is considered to be produced by continuous impacts in Mercury’s early stages is integrated into the thermal evolution models of Mercury to study its influence on the thermal evolution of Mercury’s silicate shell.This research first implements a one-dimensional parametric global thermal evolution model.Our results indicate that megaregolith directly affects the thermal evolution of Mercury’s silicate shell by virtue of its good insulation performance.The way megaregolith exerts its influence is by prolonging the process of partial melting and reducing the heat loss,resulting in a thicker crust and thinner stagnant lid.As for the deep parts of the silicate shell,it is suggested that more energy is taken away from the mantle due to the longer partial melting,leading to lower temperatures below the crust compared with the case in the absence of megaregolith,which further helps to advance the formation time of the inner core and promote its final size.In addition,we also carry out a simplified two-dimensional mantle convection simulation as a supplement to the one-dimensional model.The two-dimensional simulation depicts a typical mantle plume fractional melting scenario.Our calculations indicate that megaregolith may be key to the long-term volcanic activities on Mercury.As far as the megaregolith itself is concerned,the thermal structure of this particular layer is more sensitive to thermal conductivity,suggesting that for such a highly fragmented structure,the thermal conductivity coefficient plays a key role in its evolution.Our work emphasizes the importance of megaregolith to the evolution of Mercury.

The principal moments of inertia calculated with the hydrostatic equilibrium figure of the Earth

As an indication of the Earth＇s mass distribution, the principal moments of inertia （PMOI, i.e., A, B, C） of the Earth are the basic parameters in studies of the global dynamics of the earth, like earth nutation, and the geophysics. From the aspect of observation, the PMOI can be calculated from the spherical coefficients of observed gravity field. In this paper, the PMOI are calculated directly according to its definition with the figures of the Earth＇s interior derived by a generalized theory of the hydrostatic equilibrium figure of the Earth. We obtain that the angle between the principal axis of the maximum moment of PMOI and the rotational axis is 0.184~, which means that the other two principal axes are very closely in the equatorial plane. Meanwhile, B-A is 1.60 x 10-5 MR2, and the global dynamical flattening （H） is calculated to be 3.29587 ~ 10-3, which is 0.67% different from the latest observation derived value Hobs（3.273795 × 10 ^-3） （Petit and Luzum, 2010）, and this is a significant improvement from the 1.1% difference between the value of H derived from traditional theories of the figure of the Earth and the value of Hobs. It shows that we can calculate the PMOI and H with an appropriate accuracy by a gener- alized theory of the hydrostatic equilibrium figure of the Earth.

Lysosomal destabilization:A missing link between pathological calcification and osteoarthritis

Calcification of cartilage by hydroxyapatite is a hallmark of osteoarthritis and its deposition strongly correlates with the severity of osteoarthritis.However,no effective strategies are available to date on the prevention of hydroxyapatite deposition within the osteoarthritic cartilage and its role in the pathogenesis of this degenerative condition is still controversial.Therefore,the present work aims at uncovering the pathogenic mechanism of intra-cartilaginous hydroxyapatite in osteoarthritis and developing feasible strategies to counter its detrimental effects.With the use of in vitro and in vivo models of osteoarthritis,hydroxyapatite crystallites deposited in the cartilage are found to be phagocytized by resident chondrocytes and processed by the lysosomes of those cells.This results in lysosomal membrane permeabilization(LMP)and release of cathepsin B(CTSB)into the cytosol.The cytosolic CTSB,in turn,activates NOD-like receptor protein-3(NLRP3)inflammasomes and subsequently instigates chondrocyte pyroptosis.Inhibition of LMP and CTSB in vivo are effective in managing the progression of osteoarthritis.The present work provides a conceptual therapeutic solution for the prevention of osteoarthritis via alleviation of lysosomal destabilization.

Raman lasing and soliton mode-locking in lithium niobate microresonators

The recent advancement in lithium-niobite-on-insulator(LNOI)technology is opening up new opportunities in optoelectronics,as devices with better performance,lower power consumption and a smaller footprint can be realised due to the high optical confinement in the structures.The LNOI platform offers both largeχ(2)andχ(3)nonlinearities along with the power of dispersion engineering,enabling brand new nonlinear photonic devices and applications for the next generation of integrated photonic circuits.However,Raman scattering and its interaction with other nonlinear processes have not been extensively studied in dispersion-engineered LNOI nanodevices.In this work,we characterise the Raman radiation spectra in a monolithic lithium niobate(LN)microresonator via selective excitation of Raman-active phonon modes.The dominant mode for the Raman oscillation is observed in the backward direction for a continuous-wave pump threshold power of 20mW with a high differential quantum efficiency of 46%.We explore the effects of Raman scattering on Kerr optical frequency comb generation.We achieve mode-locked states in an X-cut LNOI chip through sufficient suppression of the Raman effect via cavity geometry control.Our analysis of the Raman effect provides guidance for the development of future chip-based photonic devices on the LNOI platform.

High-performance modified uni-traveling carrier photodiode integrated on a thin-film lithium niobate platform

Lithium niobate on insulator(LNOI)has become an intriguing platform for integrated photonics for applications in communications,microwave photonics,and computing.Whereas,integrated devices including modulators,resonators,and lasers with high performance have been recently realized on the LNOI platform,high-speed photodetectors,an essential building block in photonic integrated circuits,have not been demonstrated on LNOI yet.Here,we demonstrate for the first time,heterogeneously integrated modified uni-traveling carrier photodiodes on LNOI with a record-high bandwidth of 80 GHz and a responsivity of 0.6 A/W at a 1550-nm wavelength.The photodiodes are based on an n-down In GaAs/InP epitaxial layer structure that was optimized for high carrier transit time-limited bandwidth.Photodiode integration was achieved using a scalable wafer die bonding approach that is fully compatible with the LNOI platform.

Assembly of SPS/MgSi assisted by dopamine with excellent removal performance for ciprofloxacin

In this work,magnesium silicate-based sulfonated polystyrene sphere composites(SPS/MgSi)were synthesized by one-step(SMD1)and two-step(SMD2)methods.For SMD1,MgSi particles were densely assembled on the surface of SPS,assisted by complexation between Fe^3+and hydroxyl phenol.For SMD2,SPS/SiO2 was firstly obtained by the same method as SMD1,and then SPS/SiO2 was transformed directly to SPS/MgSi under hydrothermal conditions.Therefore,MgSi obtained by the two-step method had an interwoven structure.Compared to SPS,MgSi and SMD1,SMD2 presented a larger specific surface area and more negative surface charges.Therefore,SMD2 showed superior adsorption performance toward CIP with concentrations of 5,10 and 50 mg/L,and for 50 mg/L,the equilibrium adsorption capacity could reach 329.7 mg/g.The adsorption process is fast and can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.The relationship between pH value and Zeta potential demonstrated that electrostatic interaction dominated the adsorption process.In addition,competitive adsorption showed that the effect of Na^+was negligible but the effect of Ca^2+was dependent on its concentration.Humid acid(HA)could slightly promote the absorption of CIP by SMD2.After five rounds of adsorption-desorption,the equilibrium adsorption capacity of SMD2 still remained at 288.6 mg/L for 50 mg/L CIP.Notably,SMD2 presented likewise superior adsorption capacity for CIP with concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L in Minjiang source water.All the results indicated that this synthesis method is universal and that SMD2 has potential as an adsorbent for CIP removal from aquatic environments.

Spectral control of nonclassical light pulses using an integrated thin-film lithium niobate modulator

Manipulating the frequency and bandwidth of nonclassical light is essential for implementing frequency-encoded/multiplexed quantum computation,communication,and networking protocols,and for bridging spectral mismatch among various quantum systems.However,quantum spectral control requires a strong nonlinearity mediated by light,microwave,or acoustics,which is challenging to realize with high efficiency,low noise,and on an integrated chip.Here,we demonstrate both frequency shifting and bandwidth compression of heralded single-photon pulses using an integrated thin-film lithium niobate(TFLN)phase modulator.We achieve record-high electro-optic frequency shearing of telecom single photons over terahertz range(±641 GHz or±5.2 nm),enabling high visibility quantum interference between frequency-nondegenerate photon pairs.We further operate the modulator as a time lens and demonstrate over eighteen-fold(6.55 nm to 0.35 nm)bandwidth compression of single photons.Our results showcase the viability and promise of on-chip quantum spectral control for scalable photonic quantum information processing.