我国在南极格罗夫山发现的首块古铜钙长无球粒陨石(GRV 150277)及其外源碎屑研究

HED(Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite)族陨石及其可能母体灶神星是国际深空探测与小行星研究的热点。其中,经历了复杂撞击混合成岩作用而形成的Howardite(古铜钙长无球粒陨石),是研究灶神星表土层物质组成与演化这一国际前沿领域的主要对象。21世纪以来,中国在南极格罗夫山回收了大量陨石,这为我国行星科学的发展提供了重要的研究标本。我国目前已分类的南极陨石中发现有3块Eucrite陨石,其为研究灶神星岩浆活动提供了重要机遇。本次工作对2016年收集到的南极格罗夫山陨石GRV 150277进行了系统性岩石学与矿物学研究。研究结果表明GRV 150277具有典型的角砾结构,主要由近乎等比例的Diogenite陨石和Eucrite陨石碎屑组成,是我国在南极发现的第一块Howardite陨石。此外,GRV 150277中还可见少量的铁陨石与CM型陨石碎屑,表明灶神星表土层遭受了多种小行星撞击。GRV 150277陨石的发现及其外源碎屑的详细研究,对确定灶神星表土层物质组成与演化历史具有重要的指示意义。

空间风化对C型小行星的光谱影响研究概述

C型小行星主要由硅酸盐矿物和含碳有机质组成,保存了太阳系形成初期的原始物质,是认识太阳系形成初期的重要物质,对研究水和生命起源与演化具有重要科学意义。目前对小行星物质组成的认识主要基于光谱特征分析,但长期的空间风化作用会改变小行星表面物质的光谱特征,所以认识小行星的物质组成需要准确厘清空间风化对光谱的影响。随着中国小行星探测工程的推进,迫切需要深入认识C型小行星的光谱特征及对空间风化的响应规律。为此,分析了C型小行星的反射率、水和有机质吸收等光谱特征以及空间风化的影响,提出研究存在的主要问题,进而指出了该研究方向的未来发展趋势和研究重点。

GRV 13100:一块在南极新发现的顽火辉石球粒陨石

球粒陨石为太阳系中最早形成的岩石,包括普通球粒陨石、碳质球粒陨石、顽火辉石球粒陨石、R群和K群球粒陨石等,其中顽火辉石球粒陨石在所有陨石中还原程度最高,典型特征是含有大量铁镍镁锰钙等金属硫化物和(硅)磷化物等,对其的研究可以为早期高度还原性太阳星云的演化过程提供约束。利用电子探针和激光拉曼等微区分析技术,对新发现的南极陨石GRV 13100进行了详细的岩石学和矿物学研究工作。该陨石主要由不同类型的球粒、基质和不透明矿物组成,球粒及基质矿物组成均以顽火辉石(En_(90.2—99.5)Wo_(0.1—4.2))或辉石质玻璃(En_(85.0—88.8)Wo_(0.1—4.1))为主,次要矿物为钠长石(Ab_(91.0—98.3))、镁橄榄石(Fo_(98.7—99.9))、方石英和不透明矿物。不透明矿物包括铁纹石、陨硫铁、陨硫镁矿、陨硫铬铁矿、陨硫钙矿、陨磷铁矿和硅磷镍矿等。铁纹石中硅含量为2.23—3.90wt.%,陨硫镁铁锰矿固溶体以富含硫化镁为特征。根据球粒类型、结构、矿物组合和矿物成分,特别是含有大量高度还原的金属硫化物等特征说明研究对象属于顽火辉石球粒陨石。而根据球粒大小、热变质程度和金属中硅含量等标准,将其划分为EH4型,冲击变质程度为S2,风化程度为W2。

南极格罗夫山陨石收集、研究进展和富集机制

经过7次南极格罗夫山考察,我国成功收集陨石12665块,证明格罗夫山为南极陨石富集区,但和南极其他富集区相比,格罗夫山陨石数量多、平均重量小、特殊类型陨石所占比例小。第3次和第4次格罗夫山考察共收集陨石9802块,106.5 kg,分别占总数量和总重量的77.4%和82.5%,之后收集陨石的数量和重量持续下降。相对于国际上研究程度高的陨石富集区,格罗夫山冰流速率快、流向复杂、冰裂隙发育、夏季盛行偏东风且风力大,可能是格罗夫山陨石碎块相对富集的客观原因;但格罗夫山的蓝冰消融率、冰川流速、全年的气象条件等方面积累数据不足。因此,尽快采集格罗夫山地区的冰川变化和气象数据,建立格罗夫山陨石富集机制模型,对合理规划格罗夫山陨石科考和探索新的陨石富集区具有重要意义。

极地微陨石的收集、研究与设想

微陨石对于人类研究地外环境和太阳系的演化而言,具有极其重要的意义。20世纪40年代开始,微陨石的收集便成了国际上的热点。尤其是80年代后,通过在南北两极开展微陨石收集,产出了大量的科学成果。我国的微陨石研究主要集中在20世纪80—90年代,而后便处于停滞的状态。本文简要介绍了各国在极地微陨石方面取得的成果,基于我国陨石和微陨石的研究现状,对我国开展极地微陨石研究提出了几点设想和规划。

南极GRV 090196普通球粒陨石熔壳特征及其成因探讨

熔壳是陨石在穿过大气层时因摩擦发热熔融所形成的表层皮壳。由于进入速度差异和大气层的结构变化,陨石可能产生不同的熔壳结构特征和类型,因此,熔壳的研究对探索陨石穿过大气层过程和反映当时的大气层结构具有一定意义。因为南极特殊的地理气候条件,很多南极陨石样品保存了原始或完整的熔壳结构,因此,南极陨石是研究熔壳的理想对象。GRV 090196是H5型普通球粒陨石,具有完整的熔壳结构,而且存在定向飞行的特征,前后存在结构不同和厚薄不一的熔壳,即四层结构的Ⅰ号熔壳(1.3 mm厚)和二层结构的Ⅱ号熔壳(0.4 mm厚),是一块研究熔壳形成过程的理想样品。本文对GRV 090196的熔壳开展了系统的岩石学和矿物学研究,对熔壳成因进行了讨论。Ⅰ号熔壳由外向里分为四个不同结构层。第一和第二层主要由辉石质玻璃质组成,可见橄榄石斑晶,说明发生了完全熔融和重结晶。这两层熔壳橄榄石斑晶的形态与成分有明显的差别,表明它们为二次熔融体的冷凝形成。第三层熔壳发生部分熔融,大部分矿物颗粒发生圆化,其中含有少量气泡。第四层熔壳产生热变质,单偏光下不透明,反光下发黑,这可能是高温还原的暗化现象,该层岩石结构特征与陨石内部相似。Ⅱ号熔壳由外向里分为三层,第一层硅酸盐颗粒发生过部分熔融且可见大量金属颗粒,第二、三层特征与Ⅰ号熔壳三、四层基本相同。通过对比研究,我们认为熔壳可以由陨石熔融物堆积作用产生并且可以利用其判断陨石降落的方向性。Ⅰ号熔壳存在两层玻璃质层且橄榄石斑晶发生了重结晶,判断在陨石降落过程中,陨石头部因摩擦发热而产生的熔融物质受到气流驱动而在陨石定向飞行的尾部产生堆积,二次熔体的形成可能反映了该陨石运行时穿过两层密度相对大的大气结构层,而Ⅱ号熔壳位于陨石的前侧部,熔化物质仅有少量保留,形成了很薄的玻璃质熔壳。

Progress of Antarctic meteorite survey and research in China

More than 50000 meteorite samples have been collected in Antarctica since 1969, making meteorite surveys a very important aspect of Antarctic expeditions. The Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition has collected more than 12000 meteorites in the Grove Mountains region, where has been confirmed as one of the richest meteorite concentration sites in Antarctica. China, therefore, possesses one of the world’s largest Antarctic meteorite collections and has made substantial contributions to this field of research. We summarize here the Chinese meteorite survey efforts in the Grove Mountains, as well as discuss progress of the classification and investigation of Grove Mountains meteorites. Outlooks are also proposed for the future of Antarctic meteorite work.

Meteorite classification for building the Chinese Antarctic Meteorite Depository Introduction of the classification of 500 Grove Mountains meteorites

Meteorites provide an important window into the origins and evolution of the solar system. Since the first four meteorites were recovered in Grove Mountains, Antarctica, in 1998, a further total of 12665 meteorites have been collected over seven polar seasons in the Grove Mountains. All of these meteorites are owned and managed by the Chinese Antarctic Meteorite Depository （CAMD） at the Polar Research Institute of China （PRIC）. In recent years, another 500 Antarctic meteorites have been classified and characterized based on mineralogy and petrology. In this work we examine four samples that have been identified as terrestrial, and a further 496 samples that have been confirmed as meteorites. These meteorites are further divided into different types：488 ordinary chondrites, one eucrite, one ureilite, one CM2 carbonaceous chondrite, one EH4 enstatite chondrite, one mesosiderite and three iron meteorites. The classification of meteorites not only provides an abundance of fundamental scientific data, but is also significant for introducing meteorites and related scientific knowledge to the publics particularly via the website of Chinese Resource-sharing Platform of Polar Samples for scientific research and education.

Siderophile Element Compositions of Pyroxenes in HED Meteorites: Implications for the Differentiation of Magma Ocean on Vesta

1 Introduction The howardite,eucrite and diogenite(HED)meteorites are ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks and impact-engendered breccias derived from a thoroughly differentiated asteroid 4 Vesta.Diogenites include dunites,

南极格罗夫山H群和L群普通球粒陨石对比研究

通过对15块南极格罗夫山普通球粒陨石(中国第19次和第22次南极科考回收)进行岩石学、矿物学分析,为其进一步研究提供重要基础数据。研究表明这些陨石均为平衡型陨石,其中有5块为H群,其余为L群。除GRV 051869和GRV 021491经历较强冲击变质作用、具有S4型的冲击变质程度外,其他陨石的冲击变质作用轻微,主要集中在S1和S2型。这些陨石的风化程度普遍较轻,仅GRV052076达到了W3型,其他为W1和W2型。主要矿物成分分析表明,组成H群和L群的最初始星云物质可能是相同的,陨石的主要差别是由于两个群陨石各自所处环境的不同所造成。L群平均球粒半径大于H群球粒半径,可能为球粒形成过程中星云温度变化不均一或者不同类型球粒分不同时期形成。另外,研究表明橄榄石中的Ca含量可以作为一个反映陨石热历史的有用指标。

Lunar meteorites: witnesses of the composition and evolution of the Moon

Lunar meteorites are fragments of the Moon that escaped the gravity of the Moon following high-energy impacts by asteroids, subsequently fell to Earth. An inventory of 165 lunar meteorites has been developed since the discovery and identification of the first lunar meteorite, ALHA 81005, in 1979. Although the Apollo samples are much heavier in mass than lunar meteorites, the meteorites are still an important sample supplement for scientific research on the composition and history of the Moon. Apart from a small amount of unbrecciated crystalline rocks, the majority of lunar meteorites are breccias that can be classified into three groups： highland feldspathic breccia, mare basaltic breccia, and mingled（including fledspathic and basaltic clasts） breccia. The petrography of lunar rocks suggests that there are a series of rock types of anorthosite, basalt, gabbro, troctolite, norite and KREEP in the Moon. Although KREEP is rare in lunar rocks, KREEP components have been found in the increasing number of lunar meteorites. KREEP provides important information on lunar magmatic evolution, e.g., the VHK KREEP clasts in SaU 169 may represent the pristine lunar magma （urKREEP）. Six launching pairs of lunar meteorites have been proposed now, along with ten possible lunar launching sites. In addition, symplectite is often found in lunar basalts, which is a significant record of shock metamorphism on the lunar surface. Furthermore, isotopic ages and noble gases not only provide information on crystallization processes in lunar rocks and the formation of lunar crust, but also provide insight into shock events on the lunar surface.

Petrography and mineralogy of new lunar meteorite MIL090036

MIL090036 is a previously unknown meteorite （a feldspathic lunar breccia） that was discovered in Antarctica. The detailed petrography and mineralogy of this meteorite forms the subject of this paper. It has a typical clastic texture that consists of various types of rock debris （e.g. anorthosite, gabbroic anorthosite, gabbro, regolith breccia, troctolite, microporphyritic crystalline impact melt and compound clasts）, mineral crystal fragments （e.g. pyroxenes, plagioclase, olivine and ilmenite） and feldspathic glass clasts. The ifne-grained recrystallized minerals and mineral clasts are cemented together in a glassy groundmass. The anorthite content of plagioclase in the gabbro （An81-83） and anorthosite （An88-93） both have relatively low calcium content compared to those from other breccias （An90-98）. The pyroxene composition （Fs12-35 Wo3-44 En22-79） in the rock debris, crystal mineral clasts and anorthositic glass clasts are relatively iron-deifcient compared to those from gabbro debris with melt glass （Fs37-65 Wo10-29 En21-49） and groundmass （Fs18-69 Wo3-45 En14-50）. In contrast, the pyroxene grains in the gabbroic anorthosite display a narrow compositional range （Fs24-27 Wo7-14 En59-69）. Olivine grains in mineral fragments and the groundmass have a wider compositional range （Fo57-79） than those in the rock debris （Fo67-77）. The Fe/Mn ratio in olivine is in the range of 47 to 83 （average 76） and 76 to 112 （average 73） in pyroxenes, and hence classify within the lunar ifeld. The characteristics of texture, mineral assemblage and compositions suggest that MIL090036 possibly originated from a region beyond that of the Apollo and Luna samples. Further study of MIL090036 is therefore likely to lead to a better understanding of the geological processes on the Moon and the chemical composition of the lunar crust.

Grove Mountains (GRV) 024237: A new ureilite from Antarctica

Ureilites share the characteristics of differentiated meteorites and of primary chondrites. GRV 024237 is a ureilite, which was found in the 19th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （CHINARE）, at the No. 4 moraine, Grove Moun- tains, Antarctica. GRV 024237 consists mainly of coarse-grained olivine （60 vol%）, pigeonite （30 vol%） and opaque minerals （10 vol% ）. Tri-junction texture between olivine and pigeonite is common. Carbonaceous materials with minor amounts of troilite and nickel-iron metal were observed as interstitial phases. The Fa value of olivine composition varies from 6.2 to 16.8 from rim to core, but pyroxene is homogeneous in composition, with Fs 14.0 to 15.5. Both olivine and pyroxene have normal extinctions. Net-like iron or limonite veins filled in the fractures of olivine and pyroxene, and no diamond was observed. Based on petrographic and mineralogical features, GRV 024237 is a Type I and Group 2 monomict ureilite.

Mineralogy and Petrology of A New Lunar Meteorite M16005

1 Introduction M16005 is a lunar meteorite found recently.Optical and microprobe examinations reveal that it is a well consolidated,polymict regolith breccia.M16005 is composed of abundant mineral fragments and a few

A special unbrecciated granoblastic textured basaltic eucrite meteorite

1 Introduction Generally,we can observe varying degree of ophitic texture or sub-ophitic texture in unbrecciated basaltic eucrites.However,a few unbrecciated basaltic eucritespossess the special characteristic of crystalloblastic texture by high metamorphism,which are called as granoblastic textured basaltic eucrites(Mayne et al.2009,

Shock effects and the classification of H-chondrites from the Grove Mountains,East Antarctica:Implications for the shock history of H-chondrite parent bodies

The shock metamorphism of 47 H group chondrites （H-chondrites） from the Grove Mountains including undulatory extinction, planar fractures, mosaic extinction, shock veins and pockets, and dendritic eutectic metal-sulfide, is observed through optical microscope. The textures and assemblages of shock veins in these H-chondrites are examined by the scanning electron microscope. Based on observations of the above shock effects, the shock stages of the 47 H-chondrites are classified into S1（5）, S2（19）,S$3（14）, S4（8） and S5（1）. Of these H-chondrites, GRV 022469 has the highest（S5） shock stage. The comparison of shock stages in these H-chondrites with L group chondrites（L-chondrites） indicates that the shock metamorphism of H-chondrites is relatively low （except for GRV 022469, they are all lower than $5）. A scenario for the history of the H-chondrite parent body is proposed that suggests the duration of the shock events in the H-chondrite parent bodies was much shorter than those in L-chondrite parent bodies. Also, the pressure may have been released more quickly, and consequently, the high-pressure phases should be easily preserved. However, the parent bodies of the H-chondrites may have been exposed to high temperatures for a longer time after the shock event, so the high-pressure phases formed by solid transformation might have retro-metamorphosed to low-pressure ones; its peak pressure is estimated to be less than 15 GPa. Wadsleyite was found in a shock vein in GRV022469, as confirmed by the Raman spectrometer. Petrological and mineralogical characteristics support the idea that the wadsleyite was formed by solid-state transformation.