为了探究滇中地区不同城市化程度和湖泊下垫面对城市热岛效应的影响,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(the weather research and forecasting model)对昆明等城市的夏季城市热岛效应进行模拟研究。结果显示,夏季夜间,昆明等城市的热岛现象具有明...为了探究滇中地区不同城市化程度和湖泊下垫面对城市热岛效应的影响,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(the weather research and forecasting model)对昆明等城市的夏季城市热岛效应进行模拟研究。结果显示,夏季夜间,昆明等城市的热岛现象具有明显的下游效应,城市的扩张使得城市热岛下游效应的影响范围扩大,但热岛的强度不会明显地增强。城市的存在会增加地表的粗糙度,使得夜间的近地面风速减小。在白天,湖泊和城市下垫面主要通过改变局地的热力差异影响近地面的风速,城市的存在会加强湖泊与陆地间的热力差异,促进湖陆风环流,进而加大近地面的风速。城市的存在还会减少下垫面对低层水汽的供应,但城市面积的增加对低层水汽的影响相对较小。清晨,城市地区表现为湿岛(湿度较周边地区略大),这与城市地区的近地面辐合流场有关;而在其他时段,城市地区多为干岛(湿度比周边地区低),且干岛现象也存在下游效应。展开更多
为了探究昆明地区城市化对降水的影响,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(the weather research and forecasting model)耦合单层城市冠层模块,对2012年5月24日夜间发生在昆明城区西部的一次强降水过程进行数值模拟研究。通过与卫星观测得到的降水...为了探究昆明地区城市化对降水的影响,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(the weather research and forecasting model)耦合单层城市冠层模块,对2012年5月24日夜间发生在昆明城区西部的一次强降水过程进行数值模拟研究。通过与卫星观测得到的降水空间分布进行对比,发现WRF模式能较好地再现此次降水过程。城市的存在会较显著地改变城市地区的潜热和低层垂直运动,使得位于城区的降水中心降水强度略有减小,而城区下风向的降水有所增加,降水增加的区域与750 hPa高度上的水汽通量辐合加强的区域相对应。城区降水中心降水量减少可能是由于城市下垫面抑制了低层大气的水汽供给。城区下风向降水增加的可能原因是该区域相对较强的垂直运动使得更多的水汽被输送到高层大气中,有利于降水的增强。在目前的城市化水平上,若昆明地区的城市进一步扩张,城区下风向地区的垂直对流运动和大气不稳定度均会增强,但城市下垫面对低层水汽供给的抑制作用也会增强,这两种作用的同时存在会使得城市下风向地区降水的变化存在不确定性。展开更多
To assist emergency management planning and prevention in case of hazardous chemical release into the atmosphere,especially in densely built-up regions with large populations,a multi-scale urban atmospheric dispersion...To assist emergency management planning and prevention in case of hazardous chemical release into the atmosphere,especially in densely built-up regions with large populations,a multi-scale urban atmospheric dispersion model was established.Three numerical dispersion experiments,at horizontal resolutions of 10 m,50 m and 3000 m,were performed to estimate the adverse effects of toxic chemical release in densely built-up areas.The multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is composed of the Weather Forecasting and Research (WRF) model,the Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation software package,and a Lagrangian dispersion model.Quantification of the adverse health effects of these chemical release events are given by referring to the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.The wind fields of the urban-scale case,with 3 km horizontal resolution,were simulated by the Beijing Rapid Update Cycle system,which were utilized by the WRF model.The sub-domain-scale cases took advantage of the computational fluid dynamics method to explicitly consider the effects of buildings.It was found that the multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is capable of simulating the flow pattern and concentration distribution on different scales,ranging from several meters to kilometers,and can therefore be used to improve the planning of prevention and response programs.展开更多
文摘为了探究滇中地区不同城市化程度和湖泊下垫面对城市热岛效应的影响,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(the weather research and forecasting model)对昆明等城市的夏季城市热岛效应进行模拟研究。结果显示,夏季夜间,昆明等城市的热岛现象具有明显的下游效应,城市的扩张使得城市热岛下游效应的影响范围扩大,但热岛的强度不会明显地增强。城市的存在会增加地表的粗糙度,使得夜间的近地面风速减小。在白天,湖泊和城市下垫面主要通过改变局地的热力差异影响近地面的风速,城市的存在会加强湖泊与陆地间的热力差异,促进湖陆风环流,进而加大近地面的风速。城市的存在还会减少下垫面对低层水汽的供应,但城市面积的增加对低层水汽的影响相对较小。清晨,城市地区表现为湿岛(湿度较周边地区略大),这与城市地区的近地面辐合流场有关;而在其他时段,城市地区多为干岛(湿度比周边地区低),且干岛现象也存在下游效应。
文摘为了探究昆明地区城市化对降水的影响,利用中尺度气象模式WRF(the weather research and forecasting model)耦合单层城市冠层模块,对2012年5月24日夜间发生在昆明城区西部的一次强降水过程进行数值模拟研究。通过与卫星观测得到的降水空间分布进行对比,发现WRF模式能较好地再现此次降水过程。城市的存在会较显著地改变城市地区的潜热和低层垂直运动,使得位于城区的降水中心降水强度略有减小,而城区下风向的降水有所增加,降水增加的区域与750 hPa高度上的水汽通量辐合加强的区域相对应。城区降水中心降水量减少可能是由于城市下垫面抑制了低层大气的水汽供给。城区下风向降水增加的可能原因是该区域相对较强的垂直运动使得更多的水汽被输送到高层大气中,有利于降水的增强。在目前的城市化水平上,若昆明地区的城市进一步扩张,城区下风向地区的垂直对流运动和大气不稳定度均会增强,但城市下垫面对低层水汽供给的抑制作用也会增强,这两种作用的同时存在会使得城市下风向地区降水的变化存在不确定性。
基金supported by the Public Welfare Special Fund Program (Meteorology) of the Chinese Ministry of Finance (Grant No.GYHY201106033)
文摘To assist emergency management planning and prevention in case of hazardous chemical release into the atmosphere,especially in densely built-up regions with large populations,a multi-scale urban atmospheric dispersion model was established.Three numerical dispersion experiments,at horizontal resolutions of 10 m,50 m and 3000 m,were performed to estimate the adverse effects of toxic chemical release in densely built-up areas.The multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is composed of the Weather Forecasting and Research (WRF) model,the Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation software package,and a Lagrangian dispersion model.Quantification of the adverse health effects of these chemical release events are given by referring to the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.The wind fields of the urban-scale case,with 3 km horizontal resolution,were simulated by the Beijing Rapid Update Cycle system,which were utilized by the WRF model.The sub-domain-scale cases took advantage of the computational fluid dynamics method to explicitly consider the effects of buildings.It was found that the multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is capable of simulating the flow pattern and concentration distribution on different scales,ranging from several meters to kilometers,and can therefore be used to improve the planning of prevention and response programs.