乌尔逊凹陷苏仁诺尔CO_(2)气藏主控因素分析

乌尔逊凹陷苏仁诺尔走滑断裂带西部南屯组发育天然CO_(2)气藏。利用测井、地震、岩心、生产数据等资料,采用序贯高斯模拟方法,建立苏仁诺尔气田南屯组三维地质模型,包括构造模型(地层、断裂带)、岩性模型、物性模型,分析乌尔逊凹陷南屯组的地层格架、断裂分布,以及砂岩储层和物性的三维空间展布特征。结果表明:乌尔逊凹陷苏仁诺尔气田南屯组储层具有低孔隙度、低渗透率的特点,CO_(2)气藏主要分布于断裂活动带构造高点。苏仁诺尔走滑断裂带作为运移通道,对CO_(2)气藏分布起决定性作用;储层岩性和物性在控制CO_(2)气藏聚集和分布中起次要作用。该结果对寻找研究区CO_(2)气藏及后期勘探开发具有指导意义。

Heat Transfer in MHD Flow of Maxwell Fluid via Fractional Cattaneo-Friedrich Model:A Finite Difference Approach

The idea of fractional derivatives is applied to several problems of viscoelastic fluid.However,most of these problems(fluid problems),were studied analytically using different integral transform techniques,as most of these problems are linear.The idea of the above fractional derivatives is rarely applied to fluid problems governed by nonlinear partial differential equations.Most importantly,in the nonlinear problems,either the fractional models are developed by artificial replacement of the classical derivatives with fractional derivatives or simple classical problems(without developing the fractional model even using artificial replacement)are solved.These problems were mostly solved for steady-state fluid problems.In the present article,studied unsteady nonlinear non-Newtonian fluid problem(Cattaneo-Friedrich Maxwell(CFM)model)and the fractional model are developed starting from the fractional constitutive equations to the fractional governing equations;in other words,the artificial replacement of the classical derivatives with fractional derivatives is not done,but in details,the fractional problem is modeled from the fractional constitutive equations.More exactly two-dimensional magnetic resistive flow in a porous medium of fractional Maxwell fluid(FMF)over an inclined plate with variable velocity and the temperature is studied.The Caputo time-fractional derivative model(CFM)is used in the governing equations.The proposed model is numerically solved via finite difference method(FDM)along with L1-scheme for discretization.The numerical results are presented in various figures.These results indicated that the fractional parameters significantly affect the temperature and velocity fields.It is noticed that the temperature field increased with an increase in the fractional parameter.Whereas,the effect of fractional parameters is opposite on the velocity field near the plate.However,this trend became like that of the temperature profile,away from the plate.Moreover,the velocity field retarded with strengthening in the magnetic parameter due to enhancement in Lorentz force.However,this effect reverses in the case of the temperature profile.

Drought Stress Impairs Grain Yield and Quality of Rice Genotypes by Impaired Photosynthetic Attributes and K Nutrition

Drought is one of the most prevalent abiotic stresses that adversely affect rice productivity(Petrozza et al, 2014). Rice is very sensitive to drought stress and drought can cause 50% reduction in rice production globally(Yang et al, 2008). To meet the food needs for global population, 63% more agricultural production will be required by the year 2050 than.

New Fourth and Fifth-Order Iterative Methods for Solving Nonlinear Equations

In this paper, we establish two new iterative methods of order four and five by using modified homotopy perturbation technique. We also present the convergence analysis of these iterative methods. To assess the validity and performance of these iterative methods, we have applied to solve some nonlinear problems.

Numerical Study of One Dimensional Fishers KPP Equation with Finite Difference Schemes

In this paper, we originate results with finite difference schemes to approximate the solution of the classical Fisher Kolmogorov Petrovsky Piscounov (KPP) equation from population dynamics. Fisher’s equation describes a balance between linear diffusion and nonlinear reaction. Numerical example illustrates the efficiency of the proposed schemes, also the Neumann stability analysis reveals that our schemes are indeed stable under certain choices of the model and numerical parameters. Numerical comparisons with analytical solution are also discussed. Numerical results show that Crank Nicolson and Richardson extrapolation are very efficient and reliably numerical schemes for solving one dimension fisher’s KPP equation.

New Modification of Fixed Point Iterative Method for Solving Nonlinear Equations

In this paper, we have modified fixed point method and have established two new iterative methods of order two and three. We have discussed their convergence analysis and comparison with some other existing iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations.

Finite Difference Implicit Schemes to Coupled Two-Dimension Reaction Diffusion System

In this research article, two finite difference implicit numerical schemes are described to approximate the numerical solution of the two-dimension modified reaction diffusion Fisher’s system which exists in coupled form. Finite difference implicit schemes show unconditionally stable and second-order accurate nature of computational algorithm also the validation and comparison of analytical solution, are done through the examples having known analytical solution. It is found that the numerical schemes are in excellent agreement with the analytical solution. We found, second-implicit scheme is much faster than the first with good rate of convergence also we used NVIDA devices to accelerate the computations and efficiency of the algorithm. Numerical results show our proposed schemes with use of HPC (High performance computing) are very efficient and reliable.

Application of Zinc, Iron and Boron Enhances Productivity and Grain Biofortification of Mungbean

Deficiencies of essential vitamins,iron(Fe),and zinc(Zn)affect over one-half of the world’s population.A significant progress has been made to control micronutrient deficiencies through supplementation,but new approaches are needed,especially to reach the rural poor.Agronomic biofortification of pulses with Zn,Fe,and boron(B)offers a pragmatic solution to combat hidden hunger instead of food fortification and supplementation.Moreover,it also has positive effects on crop production as well.Therefore,we conducted three separate field experiments for two consecutive years to evaluate the impact of soil and foliar application of the aforementioned nutrients on the yield and seed biofortification of mungbean.Soil application of Zn at 0,4.125,8.25,Fe at 0,2.5,5.0 and B at 0,0.55,1.1 kg ha−1 was done in the first,second and third experiment,respectively.Foliar application in these experiments was done at 0.3%Zn,0.2%Fe and 0.1%B respectively one week after flowering initiation.Data revealed that soil-applied Zn,Fe and B at 8.25,5.0 and 1.1 kg ha−1,respectively,enhanced the grain yield of mungbean;however,this increase in yield was statistically similar to that recorded with Zn,Fe and B at 4.125,2.5 and 0.55 kg ha−1,respectively.Foliar application of these nutrients at flower initiation significantly enhanced the Zn contents by 28%and 31%,Fe contents by 80%and 78%,while B contents by 98%and 116%over control during 2019 and 2020,respectively.It was concluded from the results that soil application of Zn,Fe,and B enhanced the yield performance of mungbean;while significant improvements in seed Zn,Fe,and B contents were recorded with foliar application of these nutrients.

A Computational Analysis to Burgers Huxley Equation

The efficiency of solving computationally partial differential equations can be profoundly highlighted by the creation of precise,higher-order compact numerical scheme that results in truly outstanding accuracy at a given cost.The objective of this article is to develop a highly accurate novel algorithm for two dimensional non-linear Burgers Huxley(BH)equations.The proposed compact numerical scheme is found to be free of superiors approximate oscillations across discontinuities,and in a smooth ow region,it efciently obtained a high-order accuracy.In particular,two classes of higherorder compact nite difference schemes are taken into account and compared based on their computational economy.The stability and accuracy show that the schemes are unconditionally stable and accurate up to a two-order in time and to six-order in space.Moreover,algorithms and data tables illustrate the scheme efciency and decisiveness for solving such non-linear coupled system.Efciency is scaled in terms of L_(2) and L_(∞) norms,which validate the approximated results with the corresponding analytical solution.The investigation of the stability requirements of the implicit method applied in the algorithm was carried out.Reasonable agreement was constructed under indistinguishable computational conditions.The proposed methods can be implemented for real-world problems,originating in engineering and science.

Analysis of Magnetic Resistive Flow of Generalized Brinkman Type Nanofluid Containing Carbon Nanotubes with Ramped Heating

In recent times,scientists and engineers have been most attracted to electrically conducted nanofluids due to their numerous applications in various fields of science and engineering.For example,they are used in cancer treatment(hyperthermia),magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),drugdelivery,and magnetic refrigeration(MR).Bearing in mind the significance and importance of electrically conducted nanofluids,this article aims to study an electrically conducted water-based nanofluid containing carbon nanotubes(CNTs).CNTs are of two types,single-wall carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)and multiple-wall carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs).The CNTs(SWCNTs and MWCNTs)have been dispersed in regular water as base fluid to form waterCNTs nanofluid.The Brinkman Type nanofluid model is developed in terms of time-fractional domain.The ramped heating and sinusoidal oscillations conditions have been taken at the boundary.The model has been solved for exact analytical solutions via the fractional Laplace transform method.The exact solutions have been graphically studied to explore the physics of various pertinent flow parameters on velocity and temperature fields.The empirical results reveal that the temperature and velocity fields decreased with increasing values of fractional parameters due to variation in thermal and momentum boundary layers.It is also indicated that the isothermal velocity and temperature are higher than ramped velocity and temperature.

Improving Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through Nitrogen Application under Semiarid Conditions

Nitrogen(N),the building block of plant proteins and enzymes,is an essential macronutrient for plant functions.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of different N application rates(28,57,85,114,142,171,and 200 kg ha^(−1))on the performance of spring wheat(cv.Ujala-2016)during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons.A control without N application was kept for comparison.Two years mean data showed optimum seed yield(5,461.3 kg ha^(−1))for N-application at 142 kg ha^(−1) whereas application of lower and higher rates of N did not result in significant and economically higher seed yield.A higher seed yield was obtained in the 2017–2018(5,595 kg ha^(−1))than in the 2018–2019(5,328 kg ha^(−1))growing seasons under an N application of 142 kg ha^(−1).It was attributed to the greater number of growing degree days in the first(1,942.35°C days)than in the second year(1,813.75°C).Higher rates of N(171 and 200 kg ha^(−1))than 142 kg ha^(−1) produced more number of tillers(i.e.,948,300 and 666,650 ha^(−1),respectively).However,this increase did not contribute in achieving higher yields.Application of 142,171,and 200 kg ha^(−1) resulted in 14.15%,15.0%and 15.35%grain protein concentrations in comparison to 13.15%with the application of 114 kg ha^(−1).It is concluded that the application of N at 142 kg ha^(−1) could be beneficial for attaining higher grain yields and protein concentrations of wheat cultivar Ujala-2016.

Development of Gene Expression and Gene Silencing Vectors Based onCotton Leaf Curl Virus for Functional Genomics in Cotton

Cotton leaf curl virus is the first example of acotton-infecting virus where infectious clones areavailable.Plant viruses are valuable tools inunderstanding plant biology as they can beengineered for expression of foreign genes orsilencing of genes homologous to cloned genes.

Applications of Decision Support System:A Case Study of Solanaceous Vegetables

Crop simulation models constitute the major proportion in decision support systems.A large number of crop models have been developed for potato and few for tomato and peppers.In the literature,thirty three crop models have been reported to simulate potato,nine for tomato and six for peppers.Some of these models dealt with the climate change scenario and others with the crop management practices such as sowing time,irrigation,nitrogen,and insect-pests management.The most evaluated and applied models for potato include;SUBSTOR,and LINTUL-Potato,whereas CROPGRO-tomato model is the most tested and applied for tomato.The AQUACROP is the most widely used model to simulate the water dynamics.The CROPGRO model has been tested for elevated temperatures and CO_(2) under greenhouse conditions for tomato.In tomato and peppers,almost similar models have been applied for field conditions as well as under greenhouse environments with some modifications.Nitrogen dynamics has been widely tested by employing the EU-Rotate-N model for tomato and peppers.Simulation studies dealing with changing climate conditions are rare in potato and are not found for tomato and peppers.To modify potato,tomato and peppers models for climate impact studies,it is required that they are(a)calibrated and evaluated with new cultivars under various agro-environmental conditions and(b)assessed under varying field conditions under changing climates and crop management practices,including temperature increases,water and nutrient management and their interactions.These comprehensive model studies and modifications need a collaborative international effort and a multi-year,large scale field research studies on potato,tomato and peppers.

Numerical Approximation to Nonlinear One Dimensional Coupled Reaction Diffusion System

This research paper represents a numerical approximation to non-linear coupled one dimension reaction diffusion system, which includes the existence and uniqueness of the time dependent solution with upper and lower bounds of the solution. Also numerical approximation is obtained by finite difference schemes to reach at reasonable level of accuracy, which is magnified by L2, L∞ and relative error norms. The accuracy of the approximations is shown by randomly selected grid points along time level and comparison with analytical results. The test example demonstrates the accuracy, efficiency and versatility of the proposed schemes. Moreover, the schemes can be easily applied to a wide class of higher dimension non-linear reaction diffusion equations with a little modifications.

Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Reaction Diffusion Equation with Time Efficient Scheme

This research paper represents a numerical approximation to non-linear two-dimensional reaction diffusion equation from population genetics. Since various initial and boundary value problems exist in two-dimensional reaction-diffusion, phenomena are studied numerically by different numerical methods, here we use finite difference schemes to approximate the solution. Accuracy is studied in term of L2, L∞ and relative error norms by random selected grids along time levels for comparison with exact results. The test example demonstrates the accuracy, efficiency and versatility of the proposed schemes. It is shown that the numerical schemes give better solutions. Moreover, the schemes can be easily applied to a wide class of higher dimension nonlinear reaction diffusion equations with a little modification.

Computational Solutions of Two Dimensional Convection Diffusion Equation Using Crank-Nicolson and Time Efficient ADI

To develop an efficient numerical scheme for two-dimensional convection diffusion equation using Crank-Nicholson and ADI, time-dependent nonlinear system is discussed. These schemes are of second order accurate in apace and time solved at each time level. The procedure was combined with Iterative methods to solve non-linear systems. Efficiency and accuracy are studied in term of L2, L∞ norms confirmed by numerical results by choosing two test examples. Numerical results show that proposed alternating direction implicit scheme was very efficient and reliable for solving two dimensional nonlinear convection diffusion equation. The proposed methods can be implemented for solving non-linear problems arising in engineering and physics.

Risk of infection with arboviruses in a healthy population in Pakistan based on seroprevalence

Infectious diseases caused by arboviruses are a public health concern in Pakistan.However,studies on data prevalence and threats posed by arboviruses are limited.This study investigated the seroprevalence of arboviruses in a healthy population in Pakistan,including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus(SFTSV),Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV),Tamdy virus(TAMV),and Karshi virus(KSIV)based on a newly established luciferase immunoprecipitation system(LIPS)assays,and Zika virus(ZIKV)by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).Neutralizing activities against these arboviruses were further examined from the antibody positive samples.The results showed that the seroprevalence of SFTSV,CCHFV,TAMV,KSIV,and ZIKV was 17.37%,7.58%,4.41%,1.10%,and 6.48%,respectively,and neutralizing to SFTSV(1.79%),CCHFV(2.62%),and ZIKV(0.69%)were identified,as well as to the SFTSV-related Guertu virus(GTV,0.83%).Risk factors associated with the incidence of exposure and levels of antibody response were analyzed.Moreover,co-exposure to different arboviruses was demonstrated,as thirty-seven individuals were having antibodies against multiple viruses and thirteen showed neutralizing activity.Males,individuals aged40 years,and outdoor workers had a high risk of exposure to arboviruses.All these results reveal the substantial risks of infection with arboviruses in Pakistan,and indicate the threat from co-exposure to multiple arboviruses.The findings raise the need for further epidemiologic investigation in expanded regions and populations and the necessity to improve health surveillance in Pakistan.

Research on Iron Loss of Switched Reluctance Starter/Generator for Energy Storage

In order to better realize the energy recovery and storage of hybrid EVs(HEVs),a switched reluctance starter/generator(SRS/G)with both starting and power generation functions is investigated in this paper.First,the iron loss of SRS/G is mainly studied to reduce the motor loss and improve the power generation efficiency.Then,the energy storage of hybrid EVs can be effectively improved.Secondly,a magnetic flux density(MFD)waveforms solution method is proposed to solve the difficulty in calculating the iron loss of the SRS/G.Compared with the commonly used finite element method,the proposed solution method has the advantages of simple,fast and small computational amount.Meanwhile,considering the different operating conditions of SRS/G,the iron loss models for both the time-domain and frequency-domain are established.In addition,the calculation formula of the variable coefficient Bertotti three-term loss separation is improved.As the hysteresis loss coefficient,the Steinmetz coefficient and the stray loss coefficient are respectively fitted by the Fourier fitting method.This method is also applied to solve the iron loss of SRS/G.Finally,through an experimental verification,it is indicated that the development of proposed method has high accuracy.

Countrywide Survey for MERS-Coronavirus Antibodies in Dromedaries and Humans in Pakistan

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory disease in humans. Although dromedary camels are considered as a major reservoir host, the MERS-CoV infection dynamics in camels are not fully understood. Through surveillance in Pakistan, nasal (n = 776) and serum (n = 1050)samples were collected from camels between November 2015 and February 2018. Samples were collected from animal markets, free-roaming herds and abattoirs. An in-house ELISA was developed to detect IgG against MERS-CoV. A total of 794 camels were found seropositive for MERS-CoV. Prevalence increased with the age and the highest seroprevalence was recorded in camels aged [ 10 years (81.37%) followed by those aged 3.1–10 years (78.65%) and B 3 years (58.19%).Higher prevalence was observed in female (78.13%) as compared to male (70.70%). Of the camel nasal swabs, 22 were found to be positive by RT-qPCR though with high Ct values. Moreover, 2,409 human serum samples were also collected from four provinces of Pakistan during 2016–2017. Among the sampled population, 840 humans were camel herders.Although we found a high rate of MERS-CoV antibody positive dromedaries (75.62%) in Pakistan, no neutralizing antibodies were detected in humans with and without contact to camels.

Dynamic variations in COVID-19 with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Kazakhstan and Pakistan

Background The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and the Omicron variant presents a formidable challenge for control and prevention worldwide,especially for low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).Hence,taking Kazakhstan and Pakistan as examples,this study aims to explore COVID-19 transmission with the Omicron variant at different contact,quarantine and test rates.Methods A disease dynamic model was applied,the population was segmented,and three time stages for Omicron transmission were established:the initial outbreak,a period of stabilization,and a second outbreak.The impact of population contact,quarantine and testing on the disease are analyzed in five scenarios to analysis their impacts on the disease.Four statistical metrics are employed to quantify the model’s performance,including the correlation coefficient(CC),normalized absolute error,normalized root mean square error and distance between indices of simulation and observation(DISO).Results Our model has high performance in simulating COVID-19 transmission in Kazakhstan and Pakistan with high CC values greater than 0.9 and DISO values less than 0.5.Compared with the present measures(baseline),decreasing(increasing)the contact rates or increasing(decreasing)the quarantined rates can reduce(increase)the peak values of daily new cases and forward(delay)the peak value times(decreasing 842 and forward 2 days for Kazakhstan).The impact of the test rates on the disease are weak.When the start time of stage Ⅱ is 6 days,the daily new cases are more than 8 and 5 times the rate for Kazakhstan and Pakistan,respectively(29,573 vs.3259;7398 vs.1108).The impact of the start times of stageⅢon the disease are contradictory to those of stageⅡ.Conclusions For the two LMICs,Kazakhstan and Pakistan,stronger control and prevention measures can be more effective in combating COVID-19.Therefore,to reduce Omicron transmission,strict management of population movement should be employed.Moreover,the timely application of these strategies also plays a key role in disease control.