Medicinal Synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate {Al4(SiO4)3 + 3Mg2SiO4 → 2Al2Mg3(SiO4)3} —A Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Medicine

Medicinal synthetic Aluminum-magnesium silicate (MSAMS), which has inhibited Human immune deficiency virus (HIV), in vitro, was used for trial-treatment of HIV/AIDS patients. Their plasma were tested for viral loads (VL): before and repeatedly during the treatment. The regimen was: MSAMS (50 mg/kg), MSAMS-stabilized Ampicillin trihydrate (7.5 mg/kg) and immunace extra protection?. After 4 weeks, it was reduced to 50 mg/kg (MSAMS) and the immune stimulant. When VL decreased bellow 50/ml, the treatment continued, 4 weeks before stopping. Mean-VL of four patients increased (P = 0.006) from 498.50 ± 33.37 to 1,072.50 ± 184.55, after 3.75±2.06 weeks and decreased (P = 0.040) to 407.33 ± 297.27 (18.29%) when the treatment-duration increased to 6.67 ± 2.31 weeks. Prolonging the duration to 12.00 ± 2.83 weeks led to 98.68% decrease of mean-VL of four other patients, from 24,250.00 ± 15,939.34 to 321.00 ± 229.38(P = 0.045). Two HIV positive persons treated for 4 weeks after their VL reduced bellow 50/ml have remained healthy, 10 and 16 months respectively, without routine antiretroviral medication.

Clinical Trial of Medicinal Synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate (Antivirt®) on Viral Loads and CD4-Lymphocytes Counts of HIV/AIDS Patients

For clinical trial of Medicinal synthetic Aluminum-magnesium silicate (MSAMS, Antivirt®), on viral loads and CD4-lymphocytes counts of HIV/AIDS patients, 10 volunteers were treated. Their blood samples were tested for viral loads and for CD4-lymphocytes counts, before the treatment and every 4 weeks during the medication. The regimen was: MSAMS (50 mg/kg), MSAMS-stabilized Ampicillin trihydrate (7.5 mg/kg) and immunace extra protection® (1 tablet/day), for 4 weeks. Then, it was reduced to 50 mg/kg (MSAMS) and the immune stimulant. When their viral loads become undetectable, they would be treated for additional 4 weeks. Initially, the Antivirt®-regimen appeared to worsen both HIV infection-load and immune deficiency but later relieved them. Patients’ mean-viral load increased (P = 0.020), from 1820.30 ± 868.75 to 2855.90 ± 960.98, after 4 weeks before reducing (P = 0.030) to 1565.20 ± 743.17, after 8 weeks. Similarly, their mean-CD4-lymphocytes count reduced (P = 0.008) from 496.80 ± 194.39 to 263.90 ± 149.26, after 4 weeks before improving (P = 0.001) to 507.90 ± 133.19, after 8 weeks.

Assessment of Antiretroviral Efficacy of the Medicinal Synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate {Al4(SiO4)3 + 3Mg2SiO4 → 2Al2Mg3(SiO4)3}

HIV/AIDS patients were treated, daily, with MSAMS (50 mg/kg), MSAMS-stabilized Ampicillin trihydrate (7.5 mg/kg) and immunace extra-protectionM? (1 tablet), for one month and then, with only MSAMS and the immune stimulants. They were tested, monthly, for viral loads and CD4- lymphocytes counts. Those whose viral loads became undetectable were tested for HIV confirmation (antigens/antibody). Their mean-viral load increased (P = 0.020) from 1820.30 ± 868.75 to 2855.90 ± 960.98 after first month, before reducing (P = 0.0.030) to: 1565.20 ± 743.17;759.20 ± 473.65;345.50 ± 115.01;192.80 ± 97.40;95.00 ± 55.80;37.40 ± 26.46;17.50 ± 16.88 (undetectable). Their mean-CD4 count was 496.80 ± 194.39 (lymphopenia). It reduced (P = 0.008) to 263.90 ± 149.26 after first month, before increasing (P = 0.001) to: 507.90 ± 133.19;692.70 ± 113.34;840.20 ± 139.41;1007.30 ± 163.50;1537.10 ± 302.10;1924.60 ± 247.45;2707.00 ± 837.87 (lymphocytosis). Patients whose viral loads became undetectable tested HIV-negative, one month after. CD4-lymphocytes count, approximating to zero-viral load, calculated from equation (Y = 2297.80 - 1.4731X) of line of best fit of graph of their viral loads onCD4-lymphocytes counts, was 1559.84/ml.

Antivirt® {Al4(SiO4)3 + 3Mg2SiO4 → 2Al2Mg3(SiO4)3} Cures COVID-19 by Opposite Charges’ Electrostatic Attraction

To cure COVID-19, we propounded mopping viruses/infected cells by opposite-charges electrostatic attraction as mechanism of treatment. RNA viruses (including COVID-19 virus) are positively charged while DNA viruses and abnormal (infected/tumor) cells are negatively charged but normal cells are neutral. Molecules of Aluminum-magnesium silicate (AMS), a WHO- approved medicine, consist of Nanoparticles that have both negatively and positively charged ends. Ultra-small size (0.96 nm thick) of the Nanoparticles, allows them access to cells in all organs. Nigeria does not have natural AMS-deposits but she has Aluminum silicate and Magnesium silicate, abundantly. These solid minerals which are WHO-approved medicines too were used to formulate an AMS-brand, named, Medicinal synthetic AMS (MSAMS, VITUMED®, Antivirt®). Dextrose monohydrate (simple sugar) is incorporated in each MSAMS-formulation to convey the electrically charged Nanoparticles across mucous membranes (active-transportation) into blood for circulation to all organs. The Antivirt® has proved effective against all viral and abnormal-cell diseases so far tested including COVID-19.

Adjuvant effect of a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate on chloroquine phosphate, against Plasmodium berghei

Effect a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate (AMS) has on chloroquine was tested. Thirty, Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, in three experimental groups (7 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg) of 10 mice each, were treated. Two subgroups, in each experiment, were treated with chloroquine and with a chloroquine-AMS drug formulation, respectively. Five of the infected mice served as controls. Parasitaemia (%), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), Red Blood Cells (RBC), rectal temperature and body weight were assessed. Parasitaemia of subgroups treated at 7 mg/kg were higher than that of the control. Also, at 7 mg/kg, there was mortality with chloroquine (20%) and with the chloroquine-AMS drug (80%). At 5 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg, the AMS significantly (P < 0.05) improved ability of chloroquine to reduce plamodial parasitaemia, from 2.46 ± 0.21 to 1.57 ± 0.25 and from 3.82 ± 0.06 to 2.12 ± 0.08. It also significantly (P < 0.05) improved means of Hb and RBC from 12.25 ± 0.27 and 88.99 ± 5.72 to 12.68 ± 0.18 and 92.91 ± 4.01 and from 10.18 ± 3.00 and 63.39 ± 18.02 to 12.98 ± 0.47 and 95.23 ± 5.32. Body weight increased at 5 mg/kg, from 29.06 ± 1.95 to 32.66 ± 2.10 kg (P < 0.05) while at 3 mg/kg, rectal temperature reduced from 37.35 ± 0.32 to 36.84oC ± 0.23oC (P < 0.05). These results suggest, AMS worsened chloroquine toxicity at 7 mg/kg but potentiated its antiplasmodial activities at the lower doses.

Effective treatment of resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i>infection, with sulphadimidine stabilized in a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate

To investigate if Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate (AMS) could make drugs regain effects against resistant pathogens, its effect was tested on sulphadimidine against sulphadimidine-resistant Escherichia coli. Two groups of chicks infected with sulphadimidine-resistant E. coli were treated at sulphadimidine dose rate of 1 g/litre of drinking water, with sulphadimidine and with an AMS-sulphadimidine drug formulation, respectively. Two other groups were similarly treated at sulphadimidine dose rate of 0.75 g/litre, while the fifth group served as control. Mean titres of the bacterium in bile of the chicks were compared. Titres, 119,200 ± 55,800 CFU/mL of the group treated with sulphadimidine at rate of 1 g/ litre and 14,800 ± 1700 CFU/mL of the group treated at rate of 0.75 g/litre, did not vary from 33,200 ± 5200 CFU/mL of the control (P > 0.05) but 295,200 ± 106,400 CFU/ml of the group treated at rate of 1 g/litre, with the AMS-sulpha- dimidine drug was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the control while 5200 ± 1400 CFU/mL of the group treated at dose of 0.75 g/litre, with the AMS-sulphadimidine drug, reduced significantly (P < 0.05).

Synergy in antibacterial activities of Ampicillin trihydrate, stabilized with a synthetic aluminum-magnesium silicate and immune-stimulants, on resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i>infection

To treat resistant Escherichia coli infection in chicks, Ampicillin was stabilized with a synthetic aluminum-magnesium silicate (AMS) to prolong its bioavailability. Its dose was also reduced to minimize adverse side effects. Vitamins A, C, E and Selenium levels in the chicks’ feeds were increased to enhance immune response of the chicks. E. coli coloning forming units, per ml of bile of the chicks, treated with Ampicillin and with Ampicillin in AMS, were: 228800.00 ± 90103.50 and 134500.00 ± 44937.97 at 10 mg/kg, 104400.00 ± 36024.44 and 34800.00 ± 8014.97 at 7.5 mg/kg, 198400.00 ± 129301.80 and 156800.00 ± 109392.70 at 5 mg/kg. Mean bacterial loads of the untreated groups, fed normal feed and those fed the fortified feed were 824400.00 ± 322424.80 and 534800.00 ± 277832.80. At 7.5 mg/kg. Ampicillin in the AMS, effectively (P E. coli infection in chicks, fed immune-stimulants, with the infection rate reduced by 95.8%.

Mortality rates from a Nigerian isolate of the <i>Infectious Bursa Disease Virus</i>and passive haemagglutination antibody titer that protects chicks against challenge with the virus isolate

To determine passive haemagglutination (PHA) antibody titer that would protect chicks against Nigerian isolates of the Infectious Bursa Disease Virus (IBDV), five groups of chicks aged 30 days which had different antibody titers were challenged with a Nigerian isolate of virulent IBDV. Mortality rates of the different groups were plotted against their respective mean PHA antibody titers. A group with zero antibody titer had a mortality rate of 75% while those with PHA antibody titers of 185.6, 243.2, 256 and 307.2 had mortality rates of 40%, zero, zero and zero respectively. Linear equation generated for a line of best fit of the graph of mortality rates of the chicks on their IBD antibody titers gave antibody titer (X) at which mortality (Y) would be zero as 300. A mortality of 75% and the high antibody level needed to protect chicks suggest that the isolate may be a hypervirulent strain.

Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate enhances release of virions of cultured <i>Fowl Pox Virus</i>and inhibits the virus

Antiviral effects of a synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate (AMS) were tested on Fowl Pox Virus (FPV). Five batches of the Nigerian brand of FPV vaccine were used as sources of the virus. The reconstituted vaccines were mixed with The Synthetic AMS on equal volume to weight basis and incubated at room temperature for one hour. They were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2000 revolutions per minute. The incubation and centrifugation were repeated on a portion of each vaccine supernatant. The two sets of supernatants were tested by the Modified Passive Haemagglutination test, for FPV titres. Portions of the vaccines, not incubated with the AMS, were served as controls. Fowl Pox Virus titres of the vaccines increased from a mean of 2.8 ± 1.10 to 11.2 ± 4.38 when incubated with the AMS once. When incubation with the AMS was repeated, the titres reduced (P< 0.05) to zero in each sample.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in Man and Animals—A Review

The paper defined acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a hematological abnormality rather than a clinical abnormality. Viruses that cause AIDS in man and animals are reviewed. Suggestion that human immune deficiency virus (HIV) which causes HIV/AIDS in man is a mutant of simian immune deficiency virus (SIV) which causes SIV/AIDS in nonhuman primates is also re-viewed. For a simple test to enable researchers in the developing countries which have the highest incidences of HIV/AIDS, join the global search for more effective treatment for the pandemic, direct passive hemagglutination test has been developed for in vitro testing of drugs, herbs and minerals that may have antiretroviral effects. Also reviewed are the similarities in pathogenesis of HIV infection in man and pathogenesis of infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV) in chicks to assess possibility of developing vaccine for HIV/AIDS. Finally, antiretroviral effects of medicinal synthetic aluminum-magnesium silicate as cure for HIV/AIDS were reviewed.

Modification of the passive heamagglutination test for detection of <i>infectious bursal disease virus</i>

To modify the Passive Haemagglutination (PHA) test, a rapid test, used for qauntitative detection of viral antibodies, so that it can be used for determination of viral titres, dilutions of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) were used to sensitize the Red Blood Cells (RBCs) before reacting them with known IBD serum. Also, to improve sensitivity of the test, different RBC concentrations were used for the test. A standard IBDV gave positive PHA reaction upto its 1:2048 dilution. With different IBDV samples, positive PHA reactions occured upto dilutions, ranging from 1:16 to 1:4096. Different RBC concentrations gave different titres for same IBDV samples. With 0.6% and 0.2% RBC concentrations, mean PHA titres of IBDV samples increased from 454. 85 ± 315.32 to 2396.57 ± 489.55 (p < 0.05 ). It was concluded that PHA can be adopted for evaluation of viral titres. To improve sensitivity of the test, use of 0.2% RBC is recommended.

Efficacy of piperzine citrate, stabilized with Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate, against <i>Helignosomoides bakeri</i>

To test effect of a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate (AMS) on anthelmintic efficacy of piperazine citrate (PC), 35 mice were infected by dosing each, 0.15 ml Helignosomoides bakeri sample which contained 200 infective larvae, per os. Following comfirmation of establishment of infection by faecal floatation, they were assigned into seven groups of 5 each, and were treated with piperazine citrate, per os, at rates of 110 mg/kg (PC), 110 mg/kg (PC in AMS), 82.5 mg/kg (PC), 82.5 mg/kg (PC in AMS), 55 mg/kg (PC) and 55 mg/kg (PC in AMS) respectively. The seventh group served as untreated control. Mean Eggs Per Gramm of faeces (EPG) were 375 ± 32.27, 175 ± 14.43, 830 ± 1.04, 70 ± 12.25, 850 ± 293.06, 370 ± 58.54 and 2,200 ± 2.55 respectively. This showed EPG reduction rates of 83%, 92%, 62%, 97%, 61% and 83% among the respective treated groups.

Direct passive hemagglutination test for rapid quantification of plasma load of the <i>Human Immunodeficiency Virus</i>

An inexpensive and rapid test for determining titers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in plasmas was developed. Washed sheep red blood cells were applied onto HIV positive plasmas, in V-bottomed microtiter plates, to complement the HIV antigens and antibodies present in plasmas. The setup was incubated for 30 minutes at 37℃. Reciprocal of the highest dilution of each plasma which gave passive agglutination of the RBCs was read as its HIV titer. Mean HIV load of five samples, was ≥ 4096.00 ± 0.00 after one day of storage at 4℃ but it reduced to 256.00 ± 70.10, 28.80 ± 3.20, 7.20 ± 0.80 and 1.60 ± 0.98 on days 2, 3, 4 and 7, respectively. HIV antibodies were still detectable, by ELISA, in plasma dilutions that were tested negative with the new test. It was concluded that when HIV antibodies have been confirmed, or added to plasmas, passive hemagglutination test can be applied to assess their viral loads.

Antibacterial activity of Ampicillin trihydrate formulated in Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate, against <i>Salmonella gallinarum</i>

To test if stabilizing Ampicillin trihydrate (AT) with Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate (AMS) can enhance its antibacterial activities, different concentrations of AT solution and of a formulation of AT in the AMS, were made and used for sensitivity test on Salmonella gallinarum cultures. Also, S. gallinarum-infected chicks were treated with;10 mg/Kg (AT), 10 mg/Kg (AT in AMS), 7.5 mg/Kg (AT), 7.5 mg/Kg (AT in AMS). Mean diameter of inhibition zone, 28.39 ± 2.07 mm produced by AT did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) from 26.36 ± 2.05 mm produced by AT in AMS. However, mean Salmonella gallinarum culture forming units per ml of bile, 17.6 ± 11 × 105of the untreated chicks and 3.4 ± 0.81 × 105(80.58% reduction), 2.4 ± 0.67 × 105(85.70% reduction), 5.4 ± 1.93 × 105(69.20% reduction ) and 0.38 ± 0.13 × 105(97.80% reduction ) of the respective treated groups, showed AMS significantly (P S. gallinarum infection, in vivo.

Antiviral effects of a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate, on Avian Influenza Virus

Effects a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate [AMS] has on Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) were tested. Equal amounts of AIV samples and of the AMS were mixed, kept one hour at room temperature before centrifuging. The supernatants were remeasured and tested for, viral titre, Mean Death Time (MDT) and Mortality Rate of chicken Embryos (EMR). Volumes of the viral samples reduced at rate of 23.4% ± 5.48%. Viral titres reduced significantly (P < 0.01) from HA, 73 ± 32.72 to 1.4 ± 0.43. Also, EMR of infected chicken embryos reduced from 100% to 65%, while MDT of those that died,increased significantly (P < 0.01) from 76 ± 4.38 to 136 ±18.93 hours. When incubation with AMS was repeated on portions of an AIV sample, MDT increased from 64 to 104 hours with the portion incubated once. AIV portions on which incubation with AMS was repeated could not kill chicken embryos.

<i>In Vivo</i>Antiretroviral Effects of the Medicinal Synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate

Viral loads (copies of RNA per ml of plasma) of HIV/AIDS patients, who volunteered for clinical trial of the Medicinal synthetic Aluminum-magnesium silicate, were assessed, before and after they were treated. The treatment lasted 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks respectively. A patient who could not access approved laboratory for viral load test on time, continued the treatment?for 24 weeks. Following treatment with the medicine, mean viral load of HIV/AIDS patients reduced (P < 0.05) from 18875.00 ± 17059.18 to 327.50 ± 226.84. Rates of the viral load reduction were: 86% after 4 weeks, 96% after 8 weeks and 99.71% after 12 weeks. Clinical signs complained of, by the patients during the treatment, included, fever, dermatitis, boils, joint pain, leg edema and sore throat. These clinical signs ceased when they were treated, so that the antiretroviral treatment was completed. The patient who was on the medication for 24 weeks had no adverse drug reaction.

Electrostatic Mopping of Viruses with Medicinal Synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate {Al₄(SiO₄)₃+ 3Mg₂SiO₄→ 2Al₂Mg₃(SiO₄)₃}, for Quick Cure of COVID-19: A Better Control Measure

COVID-19 virus has positive electrical charges. So, particles that are negatively charged would, by opposite charges-electrostatic attraction, inhibit its replication’s first stage (attachment to cells) and mop its extra-cellular particles. Positively charged particles would similarly mop/destroy cells it infects because unlike healthy cells which are neutral, infected/tumor cells have negative electrical charges. Nanoparticles (0.96 nm) of Aluminum-magnesium silicate (AMS), WHO-approved medicine/adjuvant have both negative and positive charged ends. As adjuvant it improves antimicrobials’ efficacies (clearing secondary infections) while as silicate it enhances immunity. By inhibiting viral replication;mopping extra-cellular viruses/abnormal cells;clearing secondary infections;enhancing immunity, AMS terminates viral-infections/abnormal cells’ metastases. Natural AMS has impurities and its deposits are not found in Nigeria. So, Aluminum silicate and Magnesium silicate (WHO-approved medicines) were used for Medicinal synthetic AMS {MSAMS: Al4 (SiO4)3 + 3Mg2SiO4 → 2Al2Mg3 (SiO4)3}. Since AMS is un-absorbable, dextrose monohydrate is incorporated in MSAMS-formulations to convey its Nanoparticles into blood for circulation to all organs/tissues (active-transportation). The MSAMS achieved quick cure (within 3 days) of all four COVID-19 patients used for its first-phase trial (one in Nigeria, two in Cameroon, one in Tanzania).