Levels of trace metals in three fish species Decapterus macrellus, Decapterus macrosoms and Decapterus russelli of the family carangidae from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Jordan

Fishes of the family Carangidae, Decapterus macarellus, Decapterus macrosoma, and Decapterus russelli, were collected from the Jordanian Aqaba coast during 2008-2009 for the determination of their metal concentrations in various organs (muscle, liver, kidney, gonads, gills, and stomach food contents) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results showed significant differences in metal concentration between species. The present study indicated significant differences of heavy metal elements among different organs of the same species. The results did not reveal any significant differences between male and female organs, and the only significant difference were found for Pb in Decapterus macorsoma and for Cu in Decapterus russelli. The low metal concentrations found in muscle tissue (in all studied species) has implications for human health.

Multi-Criteria Prediction Mechanism for Vehicular Wi-Fi Offloading

The growing demands of vehicular network applications,which have diverse networking and multimedia capabilities that passengers use while traveling,cause an overload of cellular networks.This scenario affects the quality of service(QoS)of vehicle and non-vehicle users.Nowadays,wireless fidelity access points Wi-Fi access point(AP)and fourth generation long-term evolution advanced(4G LTE-A)networks are broadly accessible.Wi-Fi APs can be utilized by vehicle users to stabilize 4G LTE-A networks.However,utilizing the opportunistic Wi-Fi APs to offload the 4G LTE-A networks in a vehicular ad hoc network environment is a relatively difficult task.This condition is due to the short coverage of Wi-Fi APs and weak deployment strategies of APs.Many studies have proposed that offloading mechanisms depend on the historical Wi-Fi connection patterns observed by an interest vehicle in making an offloading decision.However,depending solely on the historical connection patterns affects the prediction accuracy and offloading ratio of most existing mechanisms even when AP location information is available.The present study proposed a multi-criteria wireless availability prediction(MWAP)mechanism,which utilizes historical connection patterns,historical data rate information,and vehicular trajectory computation to predict the next available AP and its expected data capacity in making offloading decisions.The proposed mechanism is decentralized,where each vehicle makes the prediction by itself.This characteristic helps the vehicle users make a proactive offloading decision that maintains the QoS for different applications.A simulation utilizing MATLAB was conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism and benchmark it with related state-of-the-art mechanisms.A comparison was made based on the prediction error and offloading ratio of the proposed mechanism in several scenarios.The MWAP mechanism exhibited a lower prediction error(i.e.,below 20%)and higher offloading ratio(i.e.,above 90%)than the existing mechanisms for several tested scenarios.