Colorectal cancer in Arab world:A systematic review

BACKGROUND The incidence of colorectal cancer(CRC)is increasing among young individuals in the Arab world as well as in other regions of the world.AIM To explore the incidence and prevalence of CRC in the Arab world.METHODS The PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,EBSCO and Wiley databases were searched to retrieve relevant articles irrespective of the language or the publication year.The search terms were("colon OR rectum OR sigmoid OR rectal OR colonic OR colorectal")AND("cancer OR malignancy OR malignant OR neoplasm")AND("Jordan"OR"United Arab Emirates"OR"Bahrain"OR"Tunisia"OR"Algeria"OR"Djibouti"OR"Saudi Arabia"OR"Sudan"OR"Syria"OR"Somalia"OR"Iraq"OR"Oman"OR"Palestine"OR"Qatar"OR"Comoros"OR"Kuwait"OR"Lebanon"OR"Libya"OR"Egypt"OR"Morocco"OR"Mauritania"OR"Yemen").Reviews,metaanalyses,and articles containing nonoriginal data were excluded.Retrieved articles were screened,and relevant data were extracted.Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis.RESULTS Nine studies were included.Five of the studies provided information regarding the prevalence of CRC.The prevalence of CRC was 0.72% in Saudi Arabia and 0.78% in the United Arab Emirate,while in Egypt,it ranged from 0.4% to 14%.Four studies showed information regarding the incidence.The annual incidence rate of CRC in Qatar was 7.5/100000/year.In Egypt,the crude incidence rate(CIR)in males was 3.1 for colon cancer and 1 for rectal cancer,while in females,it was 2.3 for colon cancer and 0.8 for rectal cancer.The age-standardized rate for CRC incidence in 2003 was 36.90 for males,26.50 for females,and 30.49 for both sexes in Saudi Arabia.In 2016,the CIRs in Saudi Arabia were 3.6 and 2.1 in females for colon cancer and rectal cancer,respectively,while in males,it was 3.3 and 2.8 for colon cancer and rectal cancer,respectively.One study in Egypt revealed that 25% of CRC cases occurred among individuals younger than 40 years old.CONCLUSION There is a considerable prevalence of CRC in some Arab countries.More studies are needed to explore the incidence and prevalence of CRC in the rest of the Arab world.

Secret Key Optimization for Secure Speech Communications

This paper answers three essential questions for audio speech cryptosystems in time and discrete transform domains.The first question is,what are the best values of sub-keys that must be used to get the best quality and security for the audio cryptosystem in time and discrete transform domains.The second question is the relation between the number of sub-keys,the number of secret keys used,and the audio speech signal block’s size.Finally,how many possible secret keys can be used to get the best quality and security results for the audio speech cryptosystem in time and discrete transform domains.An audio cryptosystem discussed before in recent research is applied to answer the three previous inquiries.Accurate simulation results and analysis answer all three questions;first,there is no specific,well-defined format or rule for sub-key values that must be used to get a better cryptosystem.For the second question,yes,there is a direct relationship between the number of applicable keys,number of available sub-keys,and block size of speech audio signal and formulated into a first-order equation.For the third question,each discrete transform domain has a specific acceptable range of sub-keys that imply a particular number of keys that can be used to get a better cryptosystem.