Association of serum levels of transforming growth factor β1 with disease severity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Aim: Transforming growth factor (TGF) is overexpressed by tumor cells like other proteins and growth factors. TGF-β1 is then activated in the extracellular compartment but is unable to control cell proliferation because of the absence or low level of TGF-β1 receptors on the plasma membrane of malignant hepatocytes. This potential mechanism might interrupt the autocrine regulation loop of TGF-β1 and its blocking effect on cell proliferation. TGF-β1 is a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation of both normal and transformed cells. This study aimed to evaluate the association of serum levels of TGF-β1 with disease severity. Methods: A total of 180 subjects were classified into 6 groups according to Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) classification, 30 patients each:early (BCLC 0 and A), intermediate (BCLC B), advanced stage (BCLC C), and terminal stage (BCLC D) of hepatocellular carcinoma as well as 1 group of patients with cirrhosis only and 1 control group. Serum levels of TGFβ1 were measured. Results: Serum levels of TGF-β1 were significantly higher in patients with HCC (1,687.47 ± 1,462.81 pg/mL) than cirrhotics (487.98 ± 344.23 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and controls (250.16 ± 284.61 pg/mL, P <0.001). Conclusion: TGF-β1 may have a role in tumor growth and progression.

Association of serum levels of epidermal growth factor with disease severity in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

Aim:Epidermal growth factor(EGF)is a mitogen for hepatocyte grown in vitro,and its expression is up-regulated during liver regeneration.EGF also plays an important role in tumor initiation and progression.The goal of this study is to assess whether EGF is associated with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and also whether it is a predictive factor of shortened survival.Methods:Serum EGF levels were evaluated in a total of 151 subjects:51 patients with unresectable HCC,(21 of them were eligible for transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)and serum EGF levels were measured before and 1 week after TACE),40 patients with chronic hepatitis without cirrhosis,40 patients with cirrhosis,and 20 healthy controls.Patient demographic and laboratory variables were evaluated as predictive factors of survival in a Cox regression multivariate analysis using SPSS software.Results:The mean serum level of EGF in patients with HCC was 784.49 pg/mL,which was significantly higher(P<0.05)than all other groups.Mean EGF level in cirrhotic patients was 144.69 pg/mL;in those with chronic hepatitis C without cirrhosis,it was 338.64 pg/mL;and in healthy controls,it was 297.15 pg/mL.In group Ia patients who underwent TACE,the mean serum level of EGF was 759.76±287.88 pg/mL before TACE,and 801.14±276.12 pg/mL 1 week after treatment(P=0.34).On multivariate Cox regression analysis only age(P=0.03)and higher serum EGF level(P=0.005),were inversely correlated with overall survival.Conclusion:EGF levels were found to be significantly higher in HCC patients and together with age were the only predictors of poor survival in these patients.There was an increase in EGF levels 1 week after TACE in response to hypoxia;however,this increase was not statistically significant.