Current Knowledge on Hepatitis E

Although only a single serotype of hepatitis E virus (HEV),the causative agent of hepatitis E,has been identified,there is great genetic variation among the different HEV isolates reported.There are at least four major recognized genotypes of HEV:genotypes 1 and 2 are mainly restricted to humans and linked to epidemic outbreaks in nonindustrialized countries,whereas genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic in both developing and industrialized countries.Besides human strains,genotype 3 and 4 strains of HEV have been genetically characterized from swine,sika deer,mongooses,sheep,and rabbits.Currently,there are approximately 11,000 human and animal sequences of HEV available at the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration.HEV is the major cause of waterborne outbreaks of hepatitis in areas of poor sanitation.Additionally,it is responsible for sporadic cases of viral hepatitis in not only endemic but industrialized countries as well.Transmission of HEV occurs predominantly by the fecal-oral route,although parenteral and perinatal routes have been reported.HEV infection develops in most individuals as a self-limiting,acute,icteric hepatitis;with mortality rates around 1%.However,some affected individuals will develop fulminant hepatic failure,a serious condition that is frequently fatal without a liver transplant.This complication is particularly common when the infection occurs in pregnant women,where mortality rates rise dramatically to up to 25%.Among the preventive measures available to avoid HEV infection,two separate subunit vaccines containing recombinant truncated capsid proteins of HEV have been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of disease.One of them,HEV 239,was approved in China,and its commercialization by Innovax began in November 2012 under the name Hecolin(R).

Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Origin in Children: What Do We Know Today?

In May 2022, the UK International Health Regulations National Focal Point notified World Health Organization of 176 cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children under 10 years of age. From that moment on, cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin in children began to be reported in several countries. As of June 17, 2022, a total of 991 cases had been reported in 35 countries worldwide, 50 children needed a liver transplant and 28 patients died. According to information published by ECDC, 449 cases have been detected in 21 EU countries. The children were between 1 month and 16 years of age. Adenovirus was detected in 62.2% of the analyzed samples. So far, the cause of these cases is unknown and many hypotheses remain open, but hepatitis A-E viruses and COVID-19 vaccines have been ruled out. A possible hypothesis has been published to explain the cause of these cases of severe hepatitis, according to which it could be a consequence of adenovirus infection in the intestine in healthy children previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. No other clear epidemiological risk factors have been identified to date. Thus, at this time, the etiology of the current cases of hepatitis remains under active investigation.