Optimization of the Design of Structures in Coverage Using the Genetic Algorithm Method

In this research work,an optimization of the design of steel structures is developed through Genetic Algorithms(Gas)with the objective of reducing the amount of material and with them the cost,for which the programming of the GAs tool in the Fortran programming language with the SAP2000 Application Programming Interface(API)v.19 using Visual Studio Professional 2015-Intel?Visual Fortran with Parallel Studio XE.The GAs method consists of randomly searching the Objective Function(OF)of the optimal variables with restrictions.The OF defined by the weight of the structure,the variables in relation to the cross sections of the structural elements and the constraints are the design of resistance using the method of Load and Resistance Factor Design(LRFD),restriction of displacements and restriction of the ratio of slenderness considered in the National Building Regulations(RNE),whose GAs search parameters are given by probability of crossing 70%by simple crossing strategy,probability of mutation 20%,elitism of 5%and maximum number of generations according to the profile.The examined metal structure is a cover with five double-body warren arches with 32 m light connected with 24 joists both with welded connections,that is,rigid.The metal structure was evaluated on demand for loads(dead load,live load,snow load,wind load and earthquake loads).The structural design was carried out with the following profiles:circular,tubular,square,angular and Normal Profile with I-shaped section(IPN)of which the most optimal was the tubular profile.The outer diameters of the cross section are:diagonal with a diameter of 1 in,lower flange with a diameter of 23/8 in,upper flange with a diameter of 11/2 in,inner belt with a diameter of 1 in and belt.outside with a diameter of 11/2 in.

Analysis and Prediction of Risks From Rockfall in the Huancavelica City

This research refers to the analysis and prediction of rockfall risk,whose objective is to determine the results of the validation of the model and application of modeling in the Rocfall Software,in this way to prepare the map of risk areas.Likewise,the general problem was identified:What are the results of the analysis and prediction of risks from rockfall in the city of Huancavelica?To respond to the problem posed,the following steps were carried out:obtaining field information with Drone equipment and using photogrammetric processes the topography of the study area was obtained,identification of unstable areas,trajectories,traces of the previously occurred landslides and five geomechanical stations.The specific weight of eight rock samples in the laboratory of the National University of Huancavelica was also calculated,which served to obtain the weight of the large-scale rock blocks.In addition,the normal and tangential restitution coefficients were calibrated,that is,field trials.Once the data were obtained,modeling was carried out by applying the Rocfall software,whose results of ten trajectories were:final distance reached,bounce height,kinetic energy and translational speed.With these values,risk maps have been prepared,taking into account the areas of housing vulnerability in the city of Huancavelica.Finally,it is proposed to mitigate these risks of rockfall,with dynamic barriers,which is important for the security of housing in the analysis sectors.

Performance between the Hydraulic Gradient Method and the Perturbation Method for the Analysis of Water Supply Networks

The HGM(Hydraulic Gradient Method),it is used in most of the current commercial software,such as EPANET,WaterCAD,MikeNet,among others,the same that corresponds to an iterative method that depends on initial estimated parameters and programming structures that ensure convergence to obtain results with the highest precision,in addition to this the method makes use of non-linear equation systems.Likewise,the execution time for large extensions of water distribution networks is considerably high.On the other hand,the PM(Perturbation Method),is a new direct solution method,which makes use of principles of quantum mechanics to transform nonlinear equations into simpler linear systems.Obtaining a simple and robust optimization method that only requires simple and direct mathematical processes.Using the MathCad and Python programming languages as a verification tool,multiple tests were carried out,the results for the hydraulic parameters showing that the flow rates and pressures obtained by the HGM and the PM are extremely similar,in the same way the execution time(time run)have been 77.09%favorable to the PM.In other words,the PM presents efficiency to estimate the hydraulic characteristics such as the pressures at the nodes and the velocities in the pipes of the drinking water distribution networks.

Assessment of the Sensitivity of Soil Parameters in Sediment Production in the Ichu River Experimental Basin

This research aims to determine how much is the sensitivity of soil parameters in the production of sediments through the model distributed at the level of cells in the Ichu River Basin,which is located in the Andes of Peru,with an approximate surface area of 1,380.17 km2,corresponding to the control section and tributary to the Mantaro River.Also,for the evaluation of sensitivity determine the amount of sediments of the textures:silt,clay and sand.To achieve the objectives that have been raised in this research has been used the conceptual distributed hydrological model TETIS v9.1,which has been calibrated and validated using the climatic variables that are recorded at the hourly level in six weather stations and a hydrometric station,synthetic precipitation was also used withsatellite stations(CHIRPS)of the Climate Hazards Group that has registered with a grid of 0.05 degrees of resolution,from 1981 to the present.To determine the solid component,the TETIS v9.1 model uses the equations developed in the CASCade 2 Dimensional SEDimentation model(CASC2D-SED)that presents conceptual approaches with physical basis.The sediment processes on slopes this CASC2D-SED model simulates in two dimensions,as well as helps to determine the quantification of sediments at any point in the basin considering all physical processes.On the other hand,the OpenLandMap data portal has been used for land cover data of the K factor corresponding to the susceptibility of the soil that can suffer losses due to erosion.Also,the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)observation system to determine the Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices(NDVI)for the culture factor C.The parameter P corresponding to the conservation technique applied,has been developed using remote sensing techniques using the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform.Finally,the results obtained from the evaluation of the sensitivity of the parameters are significant,in this way the hypothesis that is raised is approved.