Phylogeny,taxonomy and diversification events in the Caliciaceae

Although the high degree of non-monophyly and parallel evolution has long been acknowledged within the mazaediate Caliciaceae(Lecanoromycetes,Ascomycota),a natural re-classification of the group has not yet been accomplished.Here we constructed a multigene phylogeny of the Caliciaceae-Physciaceae clade in order to resolve the detailed relationships within the group,to propose a revised classification,and to perform a dating study.The few characters present in the available fossil and the complex character evolution of the group affects the interpretation of morphological traits and thus influences the assignment of the fossil to specific nodes in the phylogeny,when divergence time analyses are carried out.Alternative fossil assignments resulted in very different time estimates and the comparison with the analysis based on a secondary calibration demonstrates that the most likely placement of the fossil is close to a terminal node rather than a basal placement in the Calicium clade.Our dating analysis show two successive events giving rise to main clades of mazaediate taxa within the Caliciaceae,in the Upper-Lower Cretaceous boundary and in the Paleocene.As a result of this study,Cyphelium is synonymized with Calicium,Acolium is resurrected,and the new genera Allocalicium and Pseudothelomma are described.Twelve new combinations are proposed:Acolium karelicum,Acolium marcianum,Allocalicium adaequatum,Calicium carolinianum,Calicium lecideinum,Calicium lucidum,Calicium notarisii,Calicium pinicola,Calicium trachyliodes,Pseudothelomma occidentale,Pseudothelomma ocellatum and Thelomma brunneum.A key for the mazaedium-producing Caliciaceae is included.

Notes for genera:Ascomycota

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi,has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques,over the past 10–15 years,and continues to accelerate.Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic,and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended.New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera.The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011,has also caused changes in fungal generic names.In order to facilitate access to all important changes,it was desirable to compile these in a single document.The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota(approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016),including those which are lichen-forming.Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of‘Ainsworth&Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’in 2008 are provided.The notes include the number of accepted species,classification,type species(with location of the type material),culture availability,life-styles,distribution,and selected publications that have appeared since 2008.This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the"Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi"published in 2013,which will be developed into a list of protected generic names.This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists,and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi(NCF).The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis,Collophora(as Collophorina),Cryomyces,Dematiopleospora,Heterospora(as Heterosporicola),Lithophila,Palmomyces(as Palmaria)and Saxomyces are validated,as are two previously invalid family names,Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae.Four species of Lalaria,which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations.Catenomycopsis Tibell&Constant.is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain.,while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces.&De Not.(Art.59).

Lichinodium is a new lichenized lineage in the Leotiomycetes

Here,we show that Lichinodium(Lichinaceae,Lichinomycetes,Ascomycota)constitutes a formerly unrecognized lineage within the Leotiomycetes,thus being the first lichenized lineage recognized in the superclass Sordariomyceta(Leotiomycetes,Laboulbeniomycetes and Sordariomycetes).To infer the position of Lichinodium,we constructed two multilocus phylogenies based on six and five gene regions(nuLSU rDNA,nuSSU rDNA,mtSSU rDNA,RPB1,RPB2 and MCM7)including main Pezizomycotina groups in the first analysis and focusing secondly on a comprehensive selection of Sordariomyceta.The results show that Lichinodium is sister to Leotiaceae.We discuss the morphological and ecological similarities between Lichinodium and other Leotiomycetes,and describe the new order Lichinodiales and family Lichinodiaceae.The sister relationship between Sordariomycetes and Laboulbeniomycetes is here supported as it is the relationship between this clade and the Leotiomycetes.The results also support the polyphyly of Helotiales,the recognition of the Leotiales in a strict sense or the inclusion of the Triblidiales in Leotiomycetes.The photobionts of Lichinodium were sequenced for two genetic markers(rbcLX and 16S rDNA)and identified as Rhizonema,a recently described genus of filamentous cyanobacteria belonging to Nostocaceae.TEM studies revealed that the mycobiont-cyanobiont interface in Lichinodium does not produce haustoria,thus differing from a typical Lichinomycete(e.g.Ephebe).