Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) plays a key role in morphogenesis of the lungs and is expressed in up to 90% of pulmonary small cell carcinomas.This explains why this marker is frequently used in the search for...Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) plays a key role in morphogenesis of the lungs and is expressed in up to 90% of pulmonary small cell carcinomas.This explains why this marker is frequently used in the search for the primary origin of metastatic endocrine tumours.Here we report on a TTF-1 expressing mixed endocrine-exocrine carcinoma of the common bile duct in a patient with pulmonary nodules that did not appear to be neoplastic.TTF-1 positivity in pulmonary and extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumours is reviewed,and we conclude that TTF-1 expression in neuroendocrine tumours of the small-cell type are not uncommon at extrapulmonary locations.Therefore,immunohistochem-istry for TTF-1 in such tumours should be interpreted with caution.展开更多
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency(PEI)is related to decreased pancreatic enzyme availability and/or activity(1).Multiples underlying mechanisms can cause PEI,such as loss of functioning parenchyma(chronic pancreatitis...Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency(PEI)is related to decreased pancreatic enzyme availability and/or activity(1).Multiples underlying mechanisms can cause PEI,such as loss of functioning parenchyma(chronic pancreatitis,pancreatic resections,pancreatic cancer...),decreased secretion despite intact parenchyma(obstruction of the pancreatic duct,decreased endogenous stimulation,intraduodenal inactivation of pancreatic secretions),and asynchrony(gastric resections,Roux-en-Y gastric by-pass)(1).展开更多
基金Supported by The"Fondation Yvonne Bo l"(Brussels,Bel-gium)
文摘Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) plays a key role in morphogenesis of the lungs and is expressed in up to 90% of pulmonary small cell carcinomas.This explains why this marker is frequently used in the search for the primary origin of metastatic endocrine tumours.Here we report on a TTF-1 expressing mixed endocrine-exocrine carcinoma of the common bile duct in a patient with pulmonary nodules that did not appear to be neoplastic.TTF-1 positivity in pulmonary and extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumours is reviewed,and we conclude that TTF-1 expression in neuroendocrine tumours of the small-cell type are not uncommon at extrapulmonary locations.Therefore,immunohistochem-istry for TTF-1 in such tumours should be interpreted with caution.
文摘Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency(PEI)is related to decreased pancreatic enzyme availability and/or activity(1).Multiples underlying mechanisms can cause PEI,such as loss of functioning parenchyma(chronic pancreatitis,pancreatic resections,pancreatic cancer...),decreased secretion despite intact parenchyma(obstruction of the pancreatic duct,decreased endogenous stimulation,intraduodenal inactivation of pancreatic secretions),and asynchrony(gastric resections,Roux-en-Y gastric by-pass)(1).
