用于高性能轮胎的环烷基增塑剂

目前开发节能环保轮胎已成为轮胎行业研究的前沿课题之一。近年来,增塑油在轮胎性能中所起的作用已显现出来。本文研究了环烷基增塑剂对轮胎性能的影响。研究结果表明,环烷基操作油Nytex230能明显改善轮胎的滚动阻力和湿路面抓着性,这意味着改善了燃油经济性和降低了二氧化碳(CO_2)排放量。与操作油TDAE相比,低芳香烃含量的增塑剂在保持机械性能相似的前提下能提高生产效率。

瑞典农业用地中的氮淋溶——降低淋溶负荷措施的模型计算效果

本文进行计算的主要目的在于:①估计耕地中氮淋溶减少措施的效果;②预计瑞典南部总负荷的减少量。采取的主要措施有:①春季谷类作物中种植填闲作物;②在不施粪肥的耕作制度下,减少氮肥的施用量;③春季施用粪肥和少量施用氮肥;④春季种植填闲作物结合施用粪肥并逐渐减少氮肥用量。本文所用的模型是用于描述土壤剖面水、热和氮淋溶的SOIL/SOILN机制模型。氮淋溶过程中的最大减少量是通过种植填闲作物,春季施粪肥与逐渐减少氮肥的施用量相结合而获得的。这种做法使总负荷量减少了16%。但由于春季作物中仅仅30%的面积种植了填闲作物,填闲作物仅将总负荷减少了5%。氮肥减少10%,将导致负荷减少6000t(即减少11%),同时产量减少10%左右。

瑞典耕地的氮淋溶——1985和1994年的标准速率和总传输

本文估计了1985和1994年波罗的海和北海集水区的氮淋溶总传输,是瑞典公布的将氮向海传输量减少50%的议案所展开的研究一部分。采用一模拟模型对不同区域、作物、土壤和施肥方式下的标准淋溶速率进行了计算。标准淋溶速率是正常气候和收获条件下每年从根区淋溶的氮量。结果表明:氮淋溶量减少了25%,从1985年的30kg N/hm^2到1994年的22kg N/hm^2。氮的总传输量减少了29%,从1985年的77000t到1994年的55000t。减少的主要原因是:①1994年草地面积的增加和谷物面积的减少;②氮利用效率的增加导致单一作物标准淋溶速率的减少;③耕地总面积的减少。传输量减少的原因50%归因于谷物地向草地的转换,40%归因于氮利用效率的提高,10%归因于耕地的减少。

德鲁巴线上展会

2021年4月15日,德国菲尔特:通过产品包装吸引注意力,同时以可持续并且注重成本的方式经营—这有可能吗?在2021年德鲁巴线上展会期间,表面专家库尔兹通过特别策划的一系列线上研讨会回答了这一问题。这些主题为“吸引力的本质”的研讨会同时也将在德鲁巴的库尔兹平台www.kurz-drupa.com上举行,它们为品牌商和加工商展示要如何应对当前印刷装饰领域的挑战,尤其是在可持续发展和数码装饰领域。

Profound neutralization evasion and augmented host cell entry are hallmarks of the fast-spreading SARS-CoV-2 lineage XBB.1.5

Since late 2022, the share of infections caused by the SARS-CoV2 lineage XBB.1.5 has gradually increased in the United States,resulting in XBB.1.5 becoming the dominating SARS-CoV-2lineage in the United States and a similar trend is likely to soontake place also in European countries. However, information onthe virological properties of XBB.1.5 is scarce. Here, weconducted an initial virological assessment of the SARS-CoV-2XBB.1.5 lineage.

Host cell entry and neutralisation sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.16 lineage

Despite previous circulation of the highly transmissible and antibody evasive BA.2.75, BQ.1, XBB.1 and XBB.1.5 lineages, the share of infections caused by the SARS-CoV-2 lineage XBB.1.16 has gradually increased in India in early 2023, resulting in XBB.1.16 being the dominating SARS-CoV-2 lineage in India today. Since a similar trend may also take place in other countries and information on the biological properties of the XBB.1.16 lineage is scarce, we conducted a rapid assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.16 lineage with respect to its ability to enter cells and evade neutralisation by antibodies.

Low serum neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody levels in mildly affected COVID-19 convalescent patients revealed by two different detection methods

Neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain(RBD)of the SARS-CoV-2 spike(S)block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)entry into cells via surface-expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2).We used a surrogate virus neutralization test(sVNT)and SARS-CoV-2 S protein-pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)vector-based neutralization assay(pVNT)to assess the degree to which serum antibodies from coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)convalescent patients interfere with the binding of SARS-CoV-2 S to ACE2.Both tests revealed neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies in the sera of ~90% of mildly and 100% of severely affected COVID-19 convalescent patients.Importantly,sVNT and pVNT results correlated strongly with each other and to the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG and IgA antibodies.Moreover,levels of neutralizing antibodies correlated with the duration and severity of clinical symptoms but not with patient age.Compared to pVNT,sVNT is less sophisticated and does not require any biosafety labs.Since this assay is also much faster and cheaper,sVNT will not only be important for evaluating the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in a population but also for identifying promising plasma donors for successful passive antibody therapy.

Delta variant(B.1.617.2)sublineages do not show increased neutralization resistance

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants threatens efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic.At present,the global spread of the Delta(B.1.617.2)variant is responsible for a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations in many countries.The variant evades neutralizing antibodies and is believed to be more transmissible and pathogenic[1,2,3,4].

The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variant A.30 is heavily mutated and evades vaccine-induced antibodies with high efficiency

The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by SARS-CoV-2,continues to rage in many countries,straining health systems and economies.Vaccines protect against severe disease and death and are considered central to ending the pandemic.COVID-19 vaccines(and SARS-CoV-2 infection)elicit antibodies that are directed against the viral spike(S)protein and neutralize the virus.However,the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with S protein mutations that confer resistance to neutralization might compromise vaccine efficacy[1].

No evidence for increased cell entry or antibody evasion by Delta sublineage AY.4.2

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic,multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged.While some variants spread only locally,others,referred to as variants of concern,disseminated globally and became drivers of the pandemic.All SARS-CoV-2 variants harbor mutations relative to the virus circulating early in the pandemic,and mutations in the viral spike(S)protein are considered of particular relevance since the S protein mediates host cell entry and constitutes the key target of the neutralizing antibody response.As a consequence,mutations in the S protein may increase SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and enable its evasion of neutralizing antibodies.Furthermore,mutations in the S protein can modulate viral transmissibility and pathogenicity.

MCMV-based vaccine vectors expressing full-length viral proteins provide long-term humoral immune protection upon a single-shot vaccination

Global pandemics caused by influenza or coronaviruses cause severe disruptions to public health and lead to high morbidity and mortality.There remains a medical need for vaccines against these pathogens.CMV(cytomegalovirus)is aβ-herpesvirus that induces uniquely robust immune responses in which remarkably large populations of antigen-specific CD8+T cells are maintained for a lifetime.Hence,CMV has been proposed and investigated as a novel vaccine vector for expressing antigenic peptides or proteins to elicit protective cellular immune responses against numerous pathogens.We generated two recombinant murine CMV(MCMV)vaccine vectors expressing hemagglutinin(HA)of influenza A virus(MCMV^(HA))or the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(MCMV^(S)).A single injection of MCMVs expressing either viral protein induced potent neutralizing antibody responses,which strengthened over time.Importantly,MCMV^(HA)-vaccinated mice were protected from illness following challenge with the influenza virus,and we excluded that this protection was due to the effects of memory T cells.Conclusively,we show here that MCMV vectors induce not only long-term cellular immunity but also humoral responses that provide long-term immune protection against clinically relevant respiratory pathogens.

Efficient antibody evasion but reduced ACE2 binding by the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.640.2

The SARS-CoV-2 spike(S)protein engages ACE2 for cell entry,and the S protein/ACE2 interface is an important target for neutralizing antibodies.In the course of the COVID-19 pandemic,SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged that harbor mutations in the S protein,which confer neutralization resistance and allow viral spread in immunologically nonnaive populations.The most prominent example is the highly mutated Omicron variant,which infects convalescent or vaccinated individuals with unprecedented efficiency[1,2].

Neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant after heterologous and homologous BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic,divergent variants of concern(VoCs)of SARS-CoV-2 have evolved and become the most prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants in distinct locations at different times.Currently,the Delta variant(B.1.617.2)dominates infection events in large parts of the world.Immunization campaigns,however,still use SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on the spike(S)protein of the original Wuhan virus.

Mutation D614G increases SARS-CoV-2 transmission

It has been unclear why SARS-CoV-2 with a D614G mutation in the spike protein became dominant early in the COVID-19 pandemic.A recent study by Hou et al.published in Science shows that D614G increases SARS-CoV-2 spread in cultured human nasal epithelium and enhances transmission in a hamster model.

Omicron:Master of immune evasion maintains robust ACE2 binding

The spike(S)protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is highly mutated but the impact of these mutations on viral entry into cells and its inhibition by antibodies has been unclear.A recent study published in Science by Mannar et al.now shows that these mutations are compatible with robust ACE2 binding and allow for efficient evasion of neutralizing antibodies.The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has become a hallmark of the COVID-19 pandemic.Variants of concern(VOC)harbor mutations in the viral S protein that can increase transmissibility,potentially by promoting S protein binding to the cellular receptor ACE2.