Differences and similarities between mesenchymal stem cell and endothelial progenitor cell immunoregulatory properties against T cells

Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells have some interesting biological properties that make them unique for cell therapy of degenerative and cardiovascular disorders.Although both cell populations have been already studied and used for their regenerative potentials,recently their special immunoregulatory features have brought much more attention.Mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells have both proangiogenic functions and have been shown to suppress the immune response,particularly T cell proliferation,activation,and cytokine production.This makes them suitable choices for allogeneic stem cell transplantation.Nevertheless,these two cells do not have equal immunoregulatory activities.Many elements including their extraction sources,age/passage,expression of different markers,secretion of bioactive mediators,and some others could change the efficiency of their immunosuppressive function.However,to our knowledge,no publication has yet compared mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells for their immunological interaction with T cells.This review aims to specifically compare the immunoregulatory effect of these two populations including their T cell suppression,deactivation,cytokine production,and regulatory T cells induction capacities.Moreover,it evaluates the implications of the tumor necrosis factor alpha-tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 axis as an emerging immune checkpoint signaling pathway controlling most of their immunological properties.

A Study of the Effect of <i>Citrus aurantium</i>L. Essential Oil on Anxiety and Its Interaction with GABAergic Pathways in Male Mice

Anxiety is among the most common disorders affecting a great number of people. Different neurotransmitter systems, such as GABAergic system, play an important role in emergence of anxiety-related behaviors. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with GABAergic pathways. Male mice were assigned into control, sham, and experimental groups. Intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil was applied at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days. Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) was injected on the fifth day, thirty minutes before applying Citrus aurantium L. essential oil. The anxiety-related behavior of mice was then assessed using elevated plus-maze test. In groups receiving Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5 and 5 percent, the percent time spent in the open arms increased significantly (P Citrus aurantium L. essential oil resulted in increasing in the number of entries to the open arms and the percent time spent in the open arms (P Citrus aurantium L. essential oil can reduce anxiety-related behaviors in male mice thah may act via GABAergic system.

Effect of <i>Citrus aurantium</i>L. Essential Oil and Haloperidol on Anxiety in Male Mice

Relationship between sociability and the amount of brain’s dopamine is very well known. In this study, we have examined the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with dopaminergic pathways. 70 male mice were assigned into experimental, control, and sham groups. Essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. was injected intraperitonealy at doses of 0.5%, 2.5% and 5% for 5 days. Subcutaneous injection of haloperidol was administered on the fifth day, 30 minutes before the injection of the essential oil. The anxiety-related behavior of mice was then assessed by elevated plus-maze test. The result of this study showed that the injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5% and 5% increased significantly the time spent in the open arms (OAT) (p < 0.001), also there was a significant increase in the number of entries into the open arms (OAE). Injection of different doses of the essential oil along with haloperidol significantly increased OAT (p < 0.001(. The results demonstrate that the essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. along with haloperidol medication reduces anxiety-related behaviors.

Interaction of Flomazenil with Anxiolytic Effects of <i>Citrus aurantium</i>L. Essential Oil on Male Mice

Due to our previous findings about the role of GABAegic neurotransmission in anxiolytic effects of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil, we are now presenting flomazenil interaction with this herb, as an antagonist of benzodiazepines at GABA receptor. The study was performed on 84 male albino mice assigned to 14 groups of six. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with the Citrus aurantium L. essential oil for 5 days. On the fifth day, either normal saline or flomazenil (0.1 mg/kg) was injected to the experimental groups. Thirty minutes after the injection, all the groups were assessed for anxiety-related behavior by elevated plus-maze test. In groups receiving Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5 and 5 percent, the time spent in the open arms increased significantly (P aurantium L. essential oil regarding the increment in the number of entries to the open arms and the time spent in the open arms (P aurantium L. essential oil induces its anxiolytic effects like benzodiazepines, in the same site at GABA receptor.

On the Relationship between Iranian EFL Students’ Writing Strategies and Writing Ability

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between writing strategies,and writing ability of Iranian EFL students.The participants were 120 students learming English in the Iranian EFL context.Data were gathered by means of a writing strategies questionnaire and an IELTS writing task.The results of Pearson correlation test revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between writing strategies,and writing abilties of the participants.The results have some implications for teaching writing in the EFL context.

On the Relationship between Iranian EFL Students’Writing Strategies and Writing

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between writing strategies,and writing ability of Iranian EFL students.The participants were 120 students learning English in the Iranian EFL context.Data were gathered by means of a writing strategies questionnaire and an IELTS writing task.The results of Pearson correlation test revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between writing strategies,and writing abilities of the participants.The results have some implications for teaching writing in the EFL context.