AIM To investigate interleukin(IL)-26 expression in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and the function of IL-26. METHODS Human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts(SEMFs) were isolat...AIM To investigate interleukin(IL)-26 expression in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and the function of IL-26. METHODS Human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts(SEMFs) were isolated from colon tissue surgically resected. The expression of IL-26 protein and its receptor complex was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The gene expression induced by IL-26 was evaluated by realtime polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular signaling pathways were evaluated by immunoblotting and specific small interfering(si) RNA transfection. RESULTS The m RNA and protein expression of IL-26 were significantly enhanced in the inflamed mucosa of patients with IBD. IL-26 receptor complex was expressed in colonic SEMFs in vivo and in vitro. IL-26 stimulated the m RNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in colonic SEMFs. The inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and si RNAs for signal transducers and activator of transcription 1/3, nuclear factor-kappa B and activator protein-1 significantly reduced the m RNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by IL-26.CONCLUSION These results suggest that IL-26 plays a role in the pathophysiology of IBD through induction of inflammatory mediators.展开更多
The human gut is a complex microbial ecosystem comprising approximately 100 trillion microbes collectively known as the“gut microbiota”.At a rough estimate,the human gut microbiome contains almost 3.3 million genes,...The human gut is a complex microbial ecosystem comprising approximately 100 trillion microbes collectively known as the“gut microbiota”.At a rough estimate,the human gut microbiome contains almost 3.3 million genes,which are about 150 times more than the total human genes present in the human genome.The vast amount of genetic information produces various enzymes and physiologically active substances.Thus,the gut microbiota contributes to the maintenance of host health;however,when healthy microbial composition is perturbed,a condition termed“dysbiosis”,the altered gut microbiota can trigger the development of various gastrointestinal diseases.The gut microbiota has consequently become an extremely important research area in gastroenterology.It is also expected that the results of research into the gut microbiota will be applied to the prevention and treatment of human gastrointestinal diseases.A randomized controlled trial conducted by a Dutch research group in 2013 showed the positive effect of fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)on recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection(CDI).These findings have led to the development of treatments targeting the gut microbiota,such as probiotics and FMT for inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)and other diseases.This review focuses on the association of the gut microbiota with human gastrointestinal diseases,including CDI,IBD,and irritable bowel syndrome.We also summarize the therapeutic options for targeting the altered gut microbiota,such as probiotics and FMT.展开更多
文摘AIM To investigate interleukin(IL)-26 expression in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) and the function of IL-26. METHODS Human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts(SEMFs) were isolated from colon tissue surgically resected. The expression of IL-26 protein and its receptor complex was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The gene expression induced by IL-26 was evaluated by realtime polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular signaling pathways were evaluated by immunoblotting and specific small interfering(si) RNA transfection. RESULTS The m RNA and protein expression of IL-26 were significantly enhanced in the inflamed mucosa of patients with IBD. IL-26 receptor complex was expressed in colonic SEMFs in vivo and in vitro. IL-26 stimulated the m RNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in colonic SEMFs. The inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and si RNAs for signal transducers and activator of transcription 1/3, nuclear factor-kappa B and activator protein-1 significantly reduced the m RNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by IL-26.CONCLUSION These results suggest that IL-26 plays a role in the pathophysiology of IBD through induction of inflammatory mediators.
文摘The human gut is a complex microbial ecosystem comprising approximately 100 trillion microbes collectively known as the“gut microbiota”.At a rough estimate,the human gut microbiome contains almost 3.3 million genes,which are about 150 times more than the total human genes present in the human genome.The vast amount of genetic information produces various enzymes and physiologically active substances.Thus,the gut microbiota contributes to the maintenance of host health;however,when healthy microbial composition is perturbed,a condition termed“dysbiosis”,the altered gut microbiota can trigger the development of various gastrointestinal diseases.The gut microbiota has consequently become an extremely important research area in gastroenterology.It is also expected that the results of research into the gut microbiota will be applied to the prevention and treatment of human gastrointestinal diseases.A randomized controlled trial conducted by a Dutch research group in 2013 showed the positive effect of fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)on recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection(CDI).These findings have led to the development of treatments targeting the gut microbiota,such as probiotics and FMT for inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)and other diseases.This review focuses on the association of the gut microbiota with human gastrointestinal diseases,including CDI,IBD,and irritable bowel syndrome.We also summarize the therapeutic options for targeting the altered gut microbiota,such as probiotics and FMT.
