Whole Leea macrophylla ethanolic extract normalizes kidney deposits and recovers renal impairments in an ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model of rats

Objective:To investigate the antilithiatic effect of the whole Leea macrophylla(L macrophylla) Roxb(Leeaeeae) ethanol extract in ediylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model of rats.Methods: Forty two seven weeks old male wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two major groups namely:preventive(n=18) and therapeutic(n=24).Preventive group was further subdivided into 3 groups of 6 rats namely:preventive control(PC),preventive lithiatic control(PLC) and preventive lithiatic L.macrophylla(PLLM).Similarly,therapeutic group was also subdivided into 4 groups of 6 rats namely:therapeutic control(TC),therapeutic lithiatic control(TLC).therapeutic lithitatic L macrophylla(TLLM) and therapeutic lithiatic cystone(TLCYS).The lithiasis was induced by 0.75%(v/v) ethylene glycol in the drinking water of all groups except the PC and TC groups.The urinary ionic parameters such as calcium,inorganic phosphate,oxalate,magnesium & creatinine and renal morphology were altered by ediylene glycol,which were partially recovered by 14 d preventive and almost fully recovered by 28 d therapeutic intervention trials with L macrophylla extract(500 mg/kg BW daily).Results:Significant difference on recovery was observed between preventive and dierapeutic interventional trials.Anti-urolithiatic effect of cystone was significantly(P【0.001) higher than extracts.L macrophylla extract was found nontoxic in the acute toxicity test.Conclusions:The results of this study demonstrated very promising antiurolithiatic effect of L.macrophylla extract with preventive and therapeutic treatments in this experimental condition.

Antioxidant,antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of the phytochemicals of whole Leucas aspera extract

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant,antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of whole Leucas aspera(Labiatae)(L.aspera)alcoholic extract.Methods:Whole L.aspera powder was extracted by absolute ethanol(99.50%).The ethanolic extract was subjected to antioxidant,antibacterial and brine shrimp lethality assay.Results:The extract showed potent radical scavenging effect(antioxidant)with IC_(50)value of(99.58±1.22)μg/mL which was significant(P<0.01)in comparison to ascorbic acid with IC_(50)value of(1.25±0.95)μg/mL.In case of antibacterial screening,the extract showed notable antibacterial effect against the tested microbial strains.Significant(P<0.05)zone of inhibitions against Gram positive Bacillus subtilis[(12.00±1.32)mm]and Bacillus megaterium[(13.00±1.50)mm],Staphylococcus aureus[(8.00±0.50)mm]and Gram negative Salmonella typhi[(6.00±0.50)mm],Salmonella paratyphi[(8.00±1.00)mm],Shigella dysenteriae[(9.00±1.32)mm]and Vibrio cholerae[(9.00±0.66)mm]was observed.In brine shrimp lethality bioassay,the extract showed the LC_(50)value as(181.68±2.15)μg/mL which was statistically significant(P<0.01)compared to positive control vincristine sulfate[LC_(50)=(0.76±0.04)μg/mL].Conclusions:The results demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of L.aspera could be used as antibacterial,pesticidal and various pharmacologic actives.

Tea tree oil,a vibrant source of neuroprotection via neuroinflammation inhibition:a critical insight into repurposing Melaleuca alternifolia by unfolding its characteristics

Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage.One such product is tea tree oil(TTO),a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant,Melaleuca alternifolia,which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections.Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported.This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential.An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases,such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,ScienceDirect,Scopus,and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier,Springer,Frontiers,and Taylor&Francis.Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only,the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement.In addition,the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified,and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection.Therefore,this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.