Spray Pyrolyzed TiO2 Embedded Multi-Layer Front Contact Design for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

The photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)can be improved by utilizing efficient front contact.However,it has always been a significant challenge for fabricating high-quality,scalable,controllable,and cost-effective front contact.This study proposes a realistic multi-layer front contact design to realize efficient single-junction PSCs and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells(TSCs).As a critical part of the front contact,we prepared a highly compact titanium oxide(TiO2)film by industrially viable Spray Pyrolysis Deposition(SPD),which acts as a potential electron transport layer(ETL)for the fabrication of PSCs.Optimization and reproducibility of the TiO2 ETL were discreetly investigated while fabricating a set of planar PSCs.As the front contact has a significant influence on the optoelectronic properties of PSCs,hence,we investigated the optics and electrical effects of PSCs by three-dimensional(3D)finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)and finite element method(FEM)rigorous simulations.The investigation allows us to compare experimental results with the outcome from simulations.Furthermore,an optimized single-junction PSC is designed to enhance the energy conversion efficiency(ECE)by>30% compared to the planar reference PSC.Finally,the study has been progressed to the realization of all-perovskite TSC that can reach the ECE,exceeding 30%.Detailed guidance for the completion of high-performance PSCs is provided.

Roles of different fertilizer management practices on mulberry leaf yield and quality

Effects of fertilizer management practices on leaf yield and quality of mulberry plant are important for sustainable mulberry plant production.This study was undertaken to improve the growth,yield and biochemical contents in an instant available form in mulberry plant through different fertilizer management practices.There were four fertilizer management practices like control(CT),basal(BS),urea+magic growth(UM)and basal+urea+magic growth(BUM)were applied on mulberry plant(Morus SPP.).Results of this investigation revealed that among the various fertilizer treatments on the foliar application of(3 g urea+3 mL magic growth)per liter water with BSRTI recommended BS of NPK performed well in respect of growth parameters and biochemical constituents.The highest 10 leaf area(638.64 cm^(2)),leaf number per branch(50),total leaf weight per plant(785.64 g),node per meter(28.67),specific leaf weight(0.005817 g/cm^(2)),length of longest shoot(173.25 cm)and total leaf yield per hectare per year(41610 kg)were noticed in BUM treatment followed by UM,BS and CT treatments.Further the highest moisture(74.38%),moisture retention capacity(33.31%),total mineral(12.10%),total sugar(3.99%),reducing sugar(4.05%),crude protein(21.01%),starch(9.72%)and soluble carbohydrate(11.41%)were also recorded in BUM treatment as compare to UM,BS and CT treatments.The outcome of research implies that among the four fertilizer management practices foliar spray of(3 g urea+3 mL magic growth)per liter water with BSRTI recommended BS dose of NPK performed well and successfully augments the productivity and biochemical constituents of mulberry plant.

Nanophotonic-structured front contact for high-performance perovskite solar cells

We report the design of a nanophotonic metaloxide front contact aimed at perovskite solar cells(PSCs)to enhance optoelectronic properties and device stability in the presence of ultraviolet(UV)light.High-quality Cr-doped ZnO film was prepared by industrially feasible magnetron sputter deposition for the electron transport layer of PSCs.As a means,the influence of the Cr content on the film and device was systematically determined.In-depth device optics and electrical effects were studied using advanced three-dimensional opto-electrical multiphysics rigorous simulations,optimizing the front contact for realizing high performance.The numerical simulation was validated by fabricating PSCs optimized to reach high performance,energy conversion efficiency(ECE)=17.3%,open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))=1.08 V,short-circuit current density(J_(SC))=21.1 mA cm^(-2),and fillfactor(FF)=76%.Finally,a realistic front contact of nanophotonic architecture was proposed while improving broadband light absorption of the solar spectrum and light harvesting,resulting in enhanced quantum efficiency(QE).The nanophotonic PSC enables J_(SC)improvement by~17%while reducing the reflection by 12%,resulting in an estimated conversion efficiency over 23%.It is further demonstrated how the PSCs’UV-stability can be improved without considerably sacrificing optoelectronic performances.Particulars of nanophotonic designed ZnO:Cr front contact,PSCs device,and fabrication process are described.