The main ideas in the development of the solvent extraction mixer settler focused on achieving clean phase separation,minimizing the loss of the reagents and decreasing the surface area of the settlers.The role of baf...The main ideas in the development of the solvent extraction mixer settler focused on achieving clean phase separation,minimizing the loss of the reagents and decreasing the surface area of the settlers.The role of baffles in a mechanically agitated vessel is to ensure even distribution,reduce settler turbulence,promote the stability of power drawn by the impeller and to prevent swirling and vortexing of liquid,thus,greatly improving the mixing of liquid.The insertion of the appropriate number of baffles clearly improves the extent of liquid mixing.However,excessive baffling would interrupt liquid mixing and lengthen the mixing time.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) provides a tool for determining detailed information on fluid flow(hydrodynamics) which is necessary for modeling subprocesses in mixer settler.A total of 54 final CFD runs were carried out representing different combinations of variables like number of baffles,density and impeller speed.CFD data shows that amount of separation increases with increasing baffles number and decreasing impeller speed.展开更多
Fluid flow and mixing of molten steel in a twin-slab-strand continuous casting tundish were investigated using a mixing model under non-isothermal conditions.This model led to a set of ordinary differential equations ...Fluid flow and mixing of molten steel in a twin-slab-strand continuous casting tundish were investigated using a mixing model under non-isothermal conditions.This model led to a set of ordinary differential equations that were solved with a Runge-Kutta algorithm.Steady state water modeling was carried out under non-isothermal conditions.Experimental data obtained from the water model were used to calibrate the mixing model.Owing to the presence of a mixed convection in the non-isothermal conditions,a channelizing flow would be created in the fluid inside the tundish.A mixing model was designed that was capable of predicting RTD(residence time distribution)curves for different cases in non-isothermal conditions.The relationship between RTD parameters and the Tu(tundish Richardson number)was obtained for various cases under non-isothermal conditions.The results show that the RTD parameters were completely different under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.The comparison of the RTD curves between the isothermal and non-isothermal conditions presents that the extent of mixing in the tundish in non-isothermal conditions is lower than the mixing extent in isothermal conditions.展开更多
Galen(129–199 A.D.), an ancient Greek scholar, is one of the most influential and recognized physicians and surgeons in the history of medicine. He is one of the most influential Greek scholar in Persian medicine, wh...Galen(129–199 A.D.), an ancient Greek scholar, is one of the most influential and recognized physicians and surgeons in the history of medicine. He is one of the most influential Greek scholar in Persian medicine, who has been repeatedly cited by Iranian scholars. The purpose of this article is to describe the exact position of Galen in Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine, the most important work of Persian medicine. In The Canon of Medicine, Galen is cited about 300 times, and Avicenna always admired and praised Galen repeatedly. Galen’s ideas were important to Avicenna, but there are also many elements of Galen’s views that Avicenna challenged or criticized. For example, Avicenna diverged from Galen’s philosophical view in medicine and rejected some of Galen’s pharmaceutical opinions and Galen’s views on the physiology of pain, the physiology of pulse, the same nature of the tendons and nerves and separation of the mind and body. Although the views of Greek scholars, especially Galen, in The Canon of Medicine have been quoted abundantly, Avicenna revised the knowledge of the ancient scholars through critical thinking and relying on observation and testing, systematized the science of medicine and introduced many ideas and innovations. As such, Europeans considered Avicenna as the most prominent physician of the Islamic Golden Age.展开更多
Principles of molecular self-assembly into giant hierarchical structures of hundreds of micrometers in size are studied in aggregates of meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine(TPPS_(4)).The aggregates form a central tu...Principles of molecular self-assembly into giant hierarchical structures of hundreds of micrometers in size are studied in aggregates of meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine(TPPS_(4)).The aggregates form a central tubular core,which is covered with radially protruding filamentous non-branching aggregates.The filaments cluster and orient at varying angles from the core surface and some filaments form bundles.Due to shape resemblance,the structures are termed giant sea urchin(GSU)aggregates.Spectrally resolved fluorescence microscopy reveals J-and H-bands of TPPS_(4)aggregates in both the central core and the filaments.The fluorescence of the core is quenched while filaments exhibit strong fluorescence.Upon drying,the filament fluorescence gets quenched while the core is less affected,showing stronger relative fluorescence.Fluorescencedetected linear dichroism(FDLD)microscopy reveals that absorption dipoles corresponding to J-bands are oriented along the filament axis.The comparison of FDLD with scanning electron microscopy(SEM)reveals the structure of central core comprised of multilayer ribbons,which wind around the core axis forming a tube.Polarimetric second-harmonic generation(SHG)and thirdharmonic generation microscopy exhibits strong signal from the filaments with nonlinear dipoles oriented close to the filament axis,while central core displays very low SHG due to close to centrosymmetric organization.Large chiral nonlinear susceptibility points to helical arrangement of the filaments.The investigation shows that TPPS_(4)molecules form distinct aggregate types,including chiral nanotubes and nanogranular aggregates that associate into the hierarchical GSU structure,prototypical to complex biological structures.The chiral TPPS_(4)aggregates can serve as harmonophores for nonlinear microscopy.展开更多
Indolent B-cell lymphomas are a group of incurable cancers of the elderly that encompass various entities,such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL),follicular lymphoma(FL),and marginal zone lymphoma(MZL).All indolent ...Indolent B-cell lymphomas are a group of incurable cancers of the elderly that encompass various entities,such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL),follicular lymphoma(FL),and marginal zone lymphoma(MZL).All indolent lymphomas may evolve towards aggressive transformation with an increased proliferation index and decreased tumor doubling time.This transformation,which is called Richter’s syndrome in CLL,is associated with an aggressive clinical course and poor survival.At least in CLL,transformation of an indolent B-cell clone is molecularly different from that of de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.1 Aging is known to be associated with immune decline,with increased inflammation,decreased immune surveillance and increased onset of malignancies among the consequences.2 Progression of indolent B-cell lymphomas is likely to be associated with escape from immune surveillance.展开更多
文摘The main ideas in the development of the solvent extraction mixer settler focused on achieving clean phase separation,minimizing the loss of the reagents and decreasing the surface area of the settlers.The role of baffles in a mechanically agitated vessel is to ensure even distribution,reduce settler turbulence,promote the stability of power drawn by the impeller and to prevent swirling and vortexing of liquid,thus,greatly improving the mixing of liquid.The insertion of the appropriate number of baffles clearly improves the extent of liquid mixing.However,excessive baffling would interrupt liquid mixing and lengthen the mixing time.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) provides a tool for determining detailed information on fluid flow(hydrodynamics) which is necessary for modeling subprocesses in mixer settler.A total of 54 final CFD runs were carried out representing different combinations of variables like number of baffles,density and impeller speed.CFD data shows that amount of separation increases with increasing baffles number and decreasing impeller speed.
文摘Fluid flow and mixing of molten steel in a twin-slab-strand continuous casting tundish were investigated using a mixing model under non-isothermal conditions.This model led to a set of ordinary differential equations that were solved with a Runge-Kutta algorithm.Steady state water modeling was carried out under non-isothermal conditions.Experimental data obtained from the water model were used to calibrate the mixing model.Owing to the presence of a mixed convection in the non-isothermal conditions,a channelizing flow would be created in the fluid inside the tundish.A mixing model was designed that was capable of predicting RTD(residence time distribution)curves for different cases in non-isothermal conditions.The relationship between RTD parameters and the Tu(tundish Richardson number)was obtained for various cases under non-isothermal conditions.The results show that the RTD parameters were completely different under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.The comparison of the RTD curves between the isothermal and non-isothermal conditions presents that the extent of mixing in the tundish in non-isothermal conditions is lower than the mixing extent in isothermal conditions.
文摘Galen(129–199 A.D.), an ancient Greek scholar, is one of the most influential and recognized physicians and surgeons in the history of medicine. He is one of the most influential Greek scholar in Persian medicine, who has been repeatedly cited by Iranian scholars. The purpose of this article is to describe the exact position of Galen in Avicenna’s The Canon of Medicine, the most important work of Persian medicine. In The Canon of Medicine, Galen is cited about 300 times, and Avicenna always admired and praised Galen repeatedly. Galen’s ideas were important to Avicenna, but there are also many elements of Galen’s views that Avicenna challenged or criticized. For example, Avicenna diverged from Galen’s philosophical view in medicine and rejected some of Galen’s pharmaceutical opinions and Galen’s views on the physiology of pain, the physiology of pulse, the same nature of the tendons and nerves and separation of the mind and body. Although the views of Greek scholars, especially Galen, in The Canon of Medicine have been quoted abundantly, Avicenna revised the knowledge of the ancient scholars through critical thinking and relying on observation and testing, systematized the science of medicine and introduced many ideas and innovations. As such, Europeans considered Avicenna as the most prominent physician of the Islamic Golden Age.
基金supported by European Regional Development Fund(No.01.2.2.-LMT-K-718-02-0016)under grant agreement with the Research Council of Lithuania(LMTLT)Support was also provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)(Nos.RGPIN-2017-06923 and DGDND-2017-00099)+1 种基金I.D.was supported by GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00058 and G.S.by GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00001ELKH KÜ-37/2020 grants from the Hungarian Ministry for National Economy and the Eötvös Loránd Research Network,respectively。
文摘Principles of molecular self-assembly into giant hierarchical structures of hundreds of micrometers in size are studied in aggregates of meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine(TPPS_(4)).The aggregates form a central tubular core,which is covered with radially protruding filamentous non-branching aggregates.The filaments cluster and orient at varying angles from the core surface and some filaments form bundles.Due to shape resemblance,the structures are termed giant sea urchin(GSU)aggregates.Spectrally resolved fluorescence microscopy reveals J-and H-bands of TPPS_(4)aggregates in both the central core and the filaments.The fluorescence of the core is quenched while filaments exhibit strong fluorescence.Upon drying,the filament fluorescence gets quenched while the core is less affected,showing stronger relative fluorescence.Fluorescencedetected linear dichroism(FDLD)microscopy reveals that absorption dipoles corresponding to J-bands are oriented along the filament axis.The comparison of FDLD with scanning electron microscopy(SEM)reveals the structure of central core comprised of multilayer ribbons,which wind around the core axis forming a tube.Polarimetric second-harmonic generation(SHG)and thirdharmonic generation microscopy exhibits strong signal from the filaments with nonlinear dipoles oriented close to the filament axis,while central core displays very low SHG due to close to centrosymmetric organization.Large chiral nonlinear susceptibility points to helical arrangement of the filaments.The investigation shows that TPPS_(4)molecules form distinct aggregate types,including chiral nanotubes and nanogranular aggregates that associate into the hierarchical GSU structure,prototypical to complex biological structures.The chiral TPPS_(4)aggregates can serve as harmonophores for nonlinear microscopy.
基金The group of J Feuillard is supported by grants from the Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer(Equipe Labellisee Ligue),the Institut National contre le Cancer(INCa),the Comité Orientation Recherche Cancer(CORC),the Limousin Region and the Haute Vienne and Correze comitees of the Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer and by the Lyons Club of CorrezeU Zimber-Strobl was supported by the German ResearchFoundation(SFB 1243,TP-A13).
文摘Indolent B-cell lymphomas are a group of incurable cancers of the elderly that encompass various entities,such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL),follicular lymphoma(FL),and marginal zone lymphoma(MZL).All indolent lymphomas may evolve towards aggressive transformation with an increased proliferation index and decreased tumor doubling time.This transformation,which is called Richter’s syndrome in CLL,is associated with an aggressive clinical course and poor survival.At least in CLL,transformation of an indolent B-cell clone is molecularly different from that of de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.1 Aging is known to be associated with immune decline,with increased inflammation,decreased immune surveillance and increased onset of malignancies among the consequences.2 Progression of indolent B-cell lymphomas is likely to be associated with escape from immune surveillance.