A Skin-Inspired Self-Adaptive System for Temperature Control During Dynamic Wound Healing

The thermoregulating function of skin that is capable of maintaining body temperature within a thermostatic state is critical.However,patients suffering from skin damage are struggling with the surrounding scene and situational awareness.Here,we report an interactive self-regulation electronic system by mimicking the human thermos-reception system.The skin-inspired self-adaptive system is composed of two highly sensitive thermistors(thermal-response composite materials),and a low-power temperature control unit(Laserinduced graphene array).The biomimetic skin can realize self-adjusting in the range of 35–42℃,which is around physiological temperature.This thermoregulation system also contributed to skin barrier formation and wound healing.Across wound models,the treatment group healed~10%more rapidly compared with the control group,and showed reduced inflammation,thus enhancing skin tissue regeneration.The skin-inspired self-adaptive system holds substantial promise for nextgeneration robotic and medical devices.

极性接枝对聚乙烯棚膜的电晕及涂覆性能影响

传统聚烯烃棚膜在生产中电晕处理往往需要消耗大量电能,且表面极性功能持效期较短,不利于可持续发展。为解决以上问题,文中采用反应挤出技术路线,将2种不同的极性单体——马来酸二丁酯(DBM)和甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA),接枝于茂金属线型低密度聚乙烯(mLLDPE)上,吹膜得到接枝改性聚乙烯膜,并通过电晕与涂覆纳米涂层进一步增强其表面极性,使其达到超亲水状态。通过不同的表征手段系统研究了电晕强度、单体种类及含量对接枝改性膜表面极性的影响,以及它们与纳米涂覆液之间的相互作用。由衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱分析得知,电晕后薄膜表面产生了C=O,C—O极性基团,并且发生了碳链断裂;通过接触角测试证实,相比于未改性聚烯烃膜,接枝后改性聚烯烃膜的表面极性显著提高,达到相同接触角所需的电晕能耗大大降低;通过扫描电镜对纳米涂液涂覆后的改性聚烯烃膜表面形貌研究发现,极性单体DBM的接枝能够增强膜表面与超亲水纳米涂覆液之间的相互作用,从而大幅减少干燥过程中产生的涂层裂痕;最后,氙灯加速老化试验证实,接枝的DBM单体可以有效延缓涂覆膜的表面极性老化失效过程,延长改性涂覆膜的持效期。论文展示了接枝改性可提升高性能聚烯烃(HPO)棚膜的涂覆效果与功能持效期,有助于延长棚膜的使用寿命。

Fibrous Aerogels with Tunable Superwettability for High-Performance Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is an emerging technology for water desalination.Generally,double-layered structure with separate surface wettability properties is usually employed for evaporator construction.However,creating materials with tunable properties is a great challenge because the wettability of existing materials is usually monotonous.Herein,we report vinyltrimethoxysilane as a single molecular unit to hybrid with bacterial cellulose(BC)fibrous network,which can be built into robust aerogel with entirely distinct wettability through controlling assembly pathways.Siloxane groups or carbon atoms are exposed on the surface of BC nanofibers,resulting in either superhydrophilic or superhydrophobic aerogels.With this special property,single component-modified aerogels could be integrated into a double-layered evaporator for water desalination.Under 1 sun,our evaporator achieves high water evaporation rates of 1.91 and 4.20 kg m^(-2)h^(-1)under laboratory and outdoor solar conditions,respectively.Moreover,this aerogel evaporator shows unprecedented lightweight,structural robustness,long-term stability under extreme conditions,and excellent salt-resistance,highlighting the advantages in synthesis of aerogel materials from the single molecular unit.

One-step floating conversion of biomass into highly graphitized and continuous carbon nanotube yarns

The rapid growth of the demand for carbon nanotubes(CNTs) has greatly promoted their large-scale synthesis and development. However,the continuous production of CNT fibers by floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition(FCCVD) requires a large amount of non-renewable carbon sources. Here, the continuous production of highly graphitized CNT yarns from biomass tannic acid(TA) is reported. The chelation of TA and catalyst promotes the rapid cracking of biomass into carbon source gas, and the pyrolysis cracking produces the reducing gas, which solves the problems of the continuous production of CNT yarns using biomass. Through simple twisting, the mechanical strength of CNT yarn can reach 886 ± 46 MPa, and the electrical conductivity and graphitization(IG/ID) can reach 2 × 10^(5)S m^(-1)and 6.3, respectively. This work presents a promising solution for the continuous preparation of CNT yarns based on green raw material.

Super-strong and Intrinsically Fluorescent Silkworm Silk from Carbon Nanodots Feeding

Fluorescent silk is fundamentally important for the development of future tissue engineering scaffolds.Despite great progress in the preparation of a variety of colored silks,fluorescent silk with enhanced mechanical properties has yet to be explored.In this study,we report on the fabrication of intrinsically super-strong fluorescent silk by feeding Bombyx mori silkworm carbon nanodots(CNDs).The CNDs were incorporated into silk fibroin,hindering the conformation transformation,confining crystallization,and inducing orientation of mesophase.The resultant silk exhibited super-strong mechanical properties with breaking strength of 521.9±82.7 MPa and breaking elongation of 19.2±4.3%,improvements of 55.1%and 53.6%,respectively,in comparison with regular silk.The CNDs-reinforced silk displayed intrinsic blue fluorescence when exposed to 405 nm laser and exhibited no cytotoxic effect on cells,suggesting that multi-functional silks would be potentially useful in bioimaging and other applications.

Lignin-based carbon fibers: Formation, modification and potential applications

As an aromatic polymer in nature, lignin has recently attracted gross attention because of its advantages of high carbon content, low cost and bio-renewability. However, most lignin is directly burnt for power generation to satisfy the energy demand of the pulp mills. As a result, only a handful of isolated lignin is used as a raw material. Thus, increasing value addition on lignin to expand its scope of applications is currently a challenge demanding immediate attention. Many efforts have been made in the valorization of lignin, including the preparation of precursors for carbon fibers. However, its complex structure and diversity significantly restrict the spinnability of lignin. In this review, we provide elaborate knowledge on the preparation of lignin-based carbon fibers ranging from the relationships among chemical structures, formation conditions and properties of fibers, to their potential applications. Specifically, control procedures for different spinning methods of lignin, including melt spinning, solution spinning and electrospinning, together with stabilization and carbonization are deeply discussed to provide an overall understanding towards the formation of lignin-based carbon fibers. We also offer perspectives on the challenges and new directions for future development of lignin-based carbon fibers.

Review:Scalable Fabrication of Polymeric Nanofibers from Nano⁃ Spinning Techniques to Emerging Applications

Research in the nanofibers field is attracting an ever-increasing attention from the industrial and academic sector. This attention is justified by the high specific surface area and high porosity, diversity of physical/chemical modification, and simplicity of hybridization. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art progress on the fabrication of polymeric nanofibers(PNFs) with particular emphasis on their scalable productions for emerging applications. First, the engineering processes and equipment for PNFs production are briefly introduced, and the effects of the polymer precursors, operational parameters, and environmental conditions on the nanofiber’s formation are illustrated. The past achievements and current challenges of PNF preparation in industrial production are also discussed. Hybridization methods to prepare multifunctional composite nanofibers are also reviewed, including organic incorporation modification, loading functional inorganic nanomaterials, and biological active components on/into nanofibers. Given these hybridizations and functions, a variety of applications are then discussed, focusing mainly on environmental and biomedical applications. Finally, conclusions are drawn and prospects are given according to the reviewed research.

Review:Aggregation-Induced Emission——A New Tool to Study Polymer Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Polymer thermodynamics and kinetics are important components in the basic theory of polymer physics, which provide critical support for polymer processing and molding. As an important thermal analysis technology, differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) is a key way to explore the molecular motion of polymer chains, molecular structure, and condensed structure, greatly promoting the development of polymer materials. However, this technique is limited by its ambiguous results, because of inaccurate heat flow measurement and high parameter dependence. As an alternative strategy, aggregation-induced emission luminogens(AIEgens) have been extensively applied in various targets analysis and process monitoring, owing to their weak intermolecular interactions and highly twisted conformation. The optical properties of AIEgens are highly sensitive to the variations of the polymer microenvironment, including characteristic transition, crosslinking reaction, crystallization behavior, and phase separation. In this review, the progress of AIE technology in visualizing polymer molecular motion and structure evolution is summarized, compensating for the limitation of the traditional DSC method to facilitate further research in polymer science and engineering.

Boosting Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Performances of Pd/C upon Surface Phosphorization

Simultaneous heterostructure and composition engineering is an effective route to construct electrocatalyst of high performance. Conjugated microporous polymer(CMP) is a new emerging platform material with designable porosity and functionality. Here, a facile CMP-guest chemistry method was presented to prepare PdP2@Pd/C heterostructure with bifunctional electrocatalytic activity. The formation of heterostructure relies on a CMP precursor consisting of nitrogen groups that allow binding Pd species and introducing phosphorus inclusion. The Pd-bound CMP precursor formed in-situ could be directly converted into nitrogen-and phosphide-doped porous carbon(NPC) during pyrolysis, while P diffused to the Pd/C interface results in shallow phosphorization. The as-prepared NPC consisting of PdP2@Pd/C(Pd content 4 wt%) heterostructure demonstrated significantly enhanced electrocatalytic performances including a promising HER activity(58mV @ 10 mA/cm2), and an ORR activity approaching commercial 20 wt% Pd/C together with excellent long-term stability. Our work illustrates the intriguing power of CMP-guest potential in heterostructure engineering.

肺硬化性血管瘤的组织发生学研究(英文)

Objective: To investigate the histogenesis and differential diagnosis of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma (PSH). Methods: Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), surfactant proteins A, B (SP-A, SP-B), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), vimentin, pancytokeratin, cytokeratin7 (CK7), CK5/6, calretinin, S-100, neurospecific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin (Syn), chromogranin A (CgA), CD34, factor-VIII-related antigen (F-VIII) and smooth muscle actin (SMA) in 55 patients with PSH were examined with immunohistochemistry, while samples from 19 patients were also observed by electron microscope. Follow- up information were reviewed. Results: Pathologically, PSH mainly consisted of both surface lining cuboidal cells and pale polygonal cells. Immunohistochemitry revealed that coexpression of TTF-1, EMA and vimentin in both cuboidal and polygonal cells was 94.5 % (52/55), 90.5% (50/55) and 58.2% (32/55), respectively. In cuboidal cells, the expression of SP-A and SP-B was 92.7% (51/55) and 81.8 % (45/55), respectively. Whereas pancytokeratin and CK7 immunostained the cuboidal cells in all cases. The polygonal cells were difussed immunostained with Syn in 13 PSHs (24%) and NSE in 8 PSHs (15%), while im- munoreactions with S-100 and CgA were separated detected in 7 PSHs (13%). There was no significant difference of TTF-1 and EMA expression between these two cells (χ2 value was 1.371 and 3.352, respectively. P > 0.05). In contrast, there was a significant difference of vimentin between them (χ2 value was 17.720, P < 0.001). Electron microcopy observation showed that ultrastructure may not differ from each other sometime. The follow-up was obtained for 49 cases ranged from 3 months to 14 years. 48 of them had no recurrence or metastasis except one case had recurrence. Conclusion: PSH may origin from the primitive respiratory epithelial. Polygonal and cuboidal cells are all parenchymal neoplasm cells. The concomitant examination of TTF-1, SPA, SP-B, EMA, vimentin and pancytokeratin may favor the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PSH.

Constructing on-demand single/multi-color transitioning fabrics with photocatalysis/photothermal-armed deficient semiconductors

On-demand color switching systems that utilize synchronized semiconductor-catalyzed reduction and photothermal-accelerated oxidation in liquid/solid are highly appealing.Herein,on-demand single/multi-color switching fabrics have been constructed by using defective SnO_(2):Sb-based color switching systems.SnO_(2):Sb nanocrystals with the suitable doping concentration accord lattices with abundant free electrons,conferring high photocatalytic and photothermal performances.A well-crafted set of dual light-responsive semiconductor-catalyzed systems with rapid color change can be attained via the homogenous mixture of SnO_(2):Sb with suitable redox dyes to produce single-color(RGB(red,green,blue))and multi-color transitioning(purple and green)systems.The illumination of these systems by 450 nm light triggers rapid photocatalytic discoloration,while irradiation by 980 nm light confers the photothermal effect that accelerates recoloration in air.Besides,the inks can be extended to rewritable fabrics by embedding the nanocrystals and redox dyes into hydroxyethyl cellulose(as the polymer matrix)and then coating on hydrophobic cotton fabrics to produce photo-switchable fabrics with excellent single/multi-color response.By exploiting the dual light interactions with the semiconductor-mediated systems,various images/letters can be remotely printed and erased on the rewritable fabrics which show promise for potential applications as information storage media and visual sensors.Importantly,the present rewritable fabric shows good stability and reversibility.The present work provides insights into the development of novel color-switching materials.

用于纤维基可穿戴传感器和电致发光器件的多功能石墨烯/聚电解质水性分散液

导电分散液是构建用于可穿戴传感器、能源和柔性显示器件中导电纤维/织物的关键组成部分.尽管石墨烯具有稳定的化学性质和高电导性,但制备与纤维/织物材料兼容的石墨烯分散液仍然具有挑战性.本研究通过引入聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)分散剂,成功制备了环境友好且稳定的石墨烯水性分散液.PSS通过非共价作用改性石墨烯,使其表面带负电荷,由此产生的静电排斥促进了石墨烯的稳定分散.此外,PSS还有助于石墨烯与基底之间形成牢固的粘附.我们制备了基于石墨烯改性的纤维和纤维膜的柔性机械传感器,包括可拉伸应变传感器和压力传感器;其中,应变传感器具有100%的高拉伸性和144.6的灵敏度,也能够感知0.1%的小应变.此外,制备的柔性生理电极能够长时间记录肌电信号和心电信号.作为概念验证,制备的同轴电致发光纤维能够为潜艇模型提供照明,以完成水下复杂任务.这项工作将进一步推动先进纳米材料在可穿戴领域的应用.

Recent developments in artificial spider silk and functional gel fibers

It is highly desirable to develop fiber materials with high strength and toughness while increasing fiber strength always results in a decrease in toughness.Spider silk is a natural fiber material with an excellent combination of high strength and toughness,which is produced from the spinning dope solution by gelation and drawing spinning process.This encourages people to prepare artificial fibers by mimicking the material,structure,and spinning of natural spider silk.In this review,we first summarized the preparation of artificial spider silk prepared via such a gelation process from different types of materials,including nonrecombinant proteins,recombinant proteins,polypeptides,synthetic polymers,and polymer nanocomposites.In addition,different spinning approaches for spinning artificial spider silk are also summarized.In the third section,some novel application scenarios of the artificial spider silk were summarized,such as artificial muscles,sensing,and smart fibers.

A TEMPOL and rapamycin loaded nanofiber-covered stent favors endothelialization and mitigates neointimal hyperplasia and local inflammation

An increased level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)plays a major role in endothelial dysfunction and vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC)proliferation during in-stent thrombosis and restenosis after coronary artery stenting.Herein,we report an electrospun core-shell nanofiber coloaded with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl(TEMPOL)and rapamycin(RAPA)that correspondingly serves as an ROS scavenger and VSMC inhibitor.This system has the potential to improve the biocompatibility of current drug-eluting stent(DES)coatings with the long-term and continuous release of TEMPOL and rapamycin.Moreover,the RAPA/TEMPOL-loaded membrane selectively inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs while sparing endothelial cells(ECs).This membrane demonstrated superior ROS-scavenging,anti-inflammatory and antithrombogenic effects in ECs.In addition,the membrane could maintain the contractile phenotype and mitigate platelet-derived growth factor BB(PDGF-BB)-induced proliferation of VSMCs.In vivo results further revealed that the RAPA/TEMPOL-loaded covered stents promoted rapid restoration of vascular endothelium compared with DES and persistently impeded inflammation and neointimal hyperplasia in porcine models.

Snakeskin‑Inspired Hierarchical Winkled Surface for Ultradurable Superamphiphobic Fabrics via Short‑Fluorinated Polymer Reactive Infusion

Durable superamphiphobic surfaces are highly desired for real-world applications such as self-cleaning,anti-fouling,personal protection,and functional sportswear.However,challenges still exist in constructing robust superamphiphobic surfaces by using short-fluorinated polymers as one of the promising alternatives for environmentally unfriendly long perfluorinated side-chain polymers.Hierarchical patterns on biological skins endow the creatures with a specific surface for survival.Here,a facile strategy was proposed to generate hierarchical wrinkles for ultradurable superamphiphobic fabrics by simulating the deformation adaptability of snakeskin.Snake-like hierarchical winkling was constructed by the infusion of reactive perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane(FOS)in a wet chemical plus vapor polymerization process.Upon the infusion of FOS,the mismatch of shrinkage caused by gradient crosslinking leads to the formation of a soft wrinkled poly(perfluorooctyl trieth-oxysilane)(poly-FOS)surface.Such a snakeskin-like hierarchical wrinkled surface and high fluorine density of poly-FOS endowed the treated superamphiphobic fabrics with high water resistance(contact angle 169°),castor oil resistance(154°),and extraordinary durability(withstanding 100 standard laundries,15,000 rubbing cycles and strong acid and alkali solu-tions).Moreover,a superamphiphobic surface can be formed on various substrates,including fabric,wood,paper,and glass.This work thus gives new insights into the environmentally friendly manufacture of ultradurable superamphiphobic fabrics.

Electrospun Nanofibrous Composite Membranes for Separations

Electrospinning is regarded as an efficient method for directly and continuously fabricating nanofibers.The electrospinning process is relatively simple and convenient to operate and can be used to prepare polymer nanofibers for almost all polymer solutions,melts,emulsions,and suspensions with sufficient viscosity.In addition,inorganic nanofibers can also be prepared via electrospinning by adding small amounts of polymers into the inorganic precursors,which are generally regarded as nonspinnable.The diameter of the electrospun nanofibers can be tuned from tens of nanometers to submicrons by changing the spinning parameters.The nonwoven fabric stacked with electrospun fibers is a porous material with interconnected submicron pores,providing a porosity above 80%.However,limited by the unstable rheological properties of the electrospinning fluid,it is difficult to obtain nanofibers stably and continuously with an average diameter of<100 nm,which narrows the separation applications of the electrospun nanofibrous membranes to only microfiltration,air filtration,or use as membrane substrates.Therefore,to fully take advantage of electrospun nanofibrous membranes in other separation applications,electrospun nanofibrous composite(ENC)membranes were developed to improve and optimize their selectivity,permeability,and other separation performances.The composite membranes not only have all the advantages of single-layered or single-component membranes,but also have more flexibility in the choice of functional components.In this account,we summarize the two combination strategies to design and fabricate ENC membranes.One is based on the component combination,in which functional components are homogeneously or heterogeneously mixed in the fiber matrix or modified on the nanofiber surface.The other one is termed as the interfacial combination,in which functional skin layers are fabricated on the top of the electrospun membranes via interfacial deposition or interfacial polymerization,to construct selective barriers.The specific preparation approaches in the two combination strategies are discussed systematically.Additionally,the structural characteristics and separation performances of ENC membranes fabricated via these approaches are also compared and analyzed to clarify their advantages and range of utilization.Subsequently,the six applications of ENC membranes we focus on are demonstrated,including adsorption,membrane distillation,oil/water emulsion separation,nanofiltration,hemodialysis,and pervaporation.To meet their different requirements for separations,our consideration about the choice of combination strategies,related preparation methods,and functional components are discussed based on typical research cases.In the end,we conclude this account with an overview of the challenges in industrial manufacturing,mechanical strength,and interfacial attachment of ENC membranes and prospect their future developments.

natural polymer-based bilayer adhesive skin substitute for infected burned wound healing

Thermal wounds are complex and lethal with irregular shapes, risk of infection, slow healing, and large surface area. The mortality rate in patients with infected burns is twice that of non-infected burns. Developing multifunctional skin substitutes to augment the healing rate of infected burns is vital. Herein, we 3D printed a hydrogel scaffold comprising carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs) and oxidized alginate grafted catechol (O-AlgCat) on a hydrophobic electrospun layer, forming a bilayer skin substitute (BSS). The functional layer (FL) was fabricated by physiochemical crosslinking to ensure favorable biodegradability. The gallium-containing hydrophobic electrospun layer or backing layer (BL) could mimic the epidermis of skin, avoiding fluid penetration and offering antibacterial activity. 3D printed FL contains catechol, gallium, and biologically active platelet rich fibrin (PRF) to adhere to both tissue and BL, show antibacterial activity, encourage angiogenesis, cell growth, and migration. The fabricated bioactive BSS exhibited noticeable adhesive properties (P ≤ 0.05), significant antibacterial activity (P ≤ 0.05), faster clot formation, and the potential to promote proliferation (P ≤ 0.05) and migration (P ≤ 0.05) of L929 cells. Furthermore, the angiogenesis was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) when evaluated in vivo and in ovo. The BSS-covered wounds healed faster due to low inflammation and high collagen density. Based on the obtained results, the fabricated bioactive BSS could be an effective treatment for infected burn wounds.

Polymer-based hybrid materials and their application in personal health

With unprecedented properties and functions,polymer-based hybrid materials hold extremely important position in many fields.Here in this review,we summarized applications of polymer-based hybrid materials toward personal health.Firstly,theoretical calculation and in-situ visualization used to explore the interfacial interaction and formation of hybrid materials are introduced.Secondly,applications of polymer-based hybrid materials in personal health from proactive protection(anti-bacteria and harmful gas removal),health condition monitoring(breathing and sleep)to disease diagnosis(magnetic resonance imaging),and tissue therapy(dental restoration)are discussed.Additionally,aggregation-induced emission(AIE)organic molecules based optical sensors for personal security and polymer semiconductor for organic thin film transistors are simply discussed.Finally,we present the future tendency for preparing polymer-based hybrid materials that related with personal health.

Recent Progress of Graphene Fiber/Fabric Supercapacitors:From Building Block Architecture,Fiber Assembly,and Fabric Construction to Wearable Applications

High-performance fiber-shaped power sources are anticipated to considerably contribute to the continuous development of smart wearable devices.As one-/two-dimensional(1D/2D)frameworks constructed from graphene sheets,graphene fibers and fabrics inherit the merits of graphene,including its lightweight nature,high electrical conductivity,and exceptional mechanical strength.The as-fabricated graphene fiber/fabric flexible supercapacitor(FSC)is,therefore,regarded as a promis-ing candidate for next-generation wearable energy storage devices owing to its high energy/power density,adequate safety,satisfactory flexibility,and extended cycle life.The gap between practical applications and experimental demonstrations of FSC is drastically reduced as a result of technological advancements.To this end,herein,recent advancements of FSCs in fiber element regulation,fiber/fabric construction,and practical applications are methodically reviewed and a forecast of their growth is presented.

Cooperative Chemical Coupling and Physical Lubrication Effects Construct Highly Dynamic Ionic Covalent Adaptable Network for High-Performance Wearable Electronics

Covalent adaptable networks(CANs),which combine the benefits of traditional thermosets and thermoplastics,have attracted considerable attention.The dynamics of reversible covalent bonds and mobility of polymer chains in CANs determine the topological rearrangement of the polymeric network,which is critical to their superior features,such as self-healing and reprocessing.Herein,we introduce an ionic liquid to dimethylglyoximeurethane(DOU)-based CANs to regulate both reversible bond dynamics and polymer chain mobility by cooperative chemical coupling and physical lubrication.Small-molecule model experiments demonstrated that ionic liquids can catalyze dynamic DOU bond exchange.Ionic liquid also breaks the hydrogen bonds between polymeric chains,thereby increasing their mobility.As a combined result,the activation energy of the dissociation of the dynamic network decreased from 110 to 85 kJ mol^(−1).Furthermore,as a functional moiety,the ionic liquid imparts new properties to CANs and will greatly expand their applications.For example,the consequent conductivity of resultant ionic CAN(iCAN)has demonstrated a great power to build high-performance multifunctional wearable electronics responsive to multiple stimulations including temperature,strain,and humidity.This study provides a new design principle that simultaneously uses the chemical and physical effects of two structural components to regulate material properties enabling novel applications.