We described a new species, Microhyla beilunensis sp. nov., from Zhejiang Province of China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 12 S, 16 S and CO1 gene sequences suggested that the new taxon was distinct...We described a new species, Microhyla beilunensis sp. nov., from Zhejiang Province of China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 12 S, 16 S and CO1 gene sequences suggested that the new taxon was distinctly separated from its congeners and closed to M. mixtura and M. okinavensis. Morphologically, the new species could be identified from its congeners except M. mixtura by several characters:(1) rudimentary webs on toe base;(2) absence of disks and dorsal median longitudinal grooves on finger tips;(3) presence of disks and dorsal median longitudinal grooves on toe tips. As well, the new species could be identified from topotype M. mixtura by the combination of characters:(1) apart from the stripes, bar-shaped and oval-shaped patterns, the rounded spots present on the dorsum of body and legs;(2) the outer metacarpal tubercles prominently larger than the inner one;(3) of males, the ratios of HW, IND, UEW and LAW to SVL of the new species were significantly larger than those of M. mixtura(P 〈 0.01), and the ratios of SL, IOD, LAHL, HLL, TL, TFL and FL to SVL of the new species were significantly less than those of M. mixtura(P 〈 0.05).展开更多
In recent years,taxonomic research of the genus Diploderma has made great progress,but there are still areas lacking relevant investigations.During 2020-2021,we carried out survey of reptile diversity in and around th...In recent years,taxonomic research of the genus Diploderma has made great progress,but there are still areas lacking relevant investigations.During 2020-2021,we carried out survey of reptile diversity in and around the Shaluli Mountains and collected some specimens of Diploderma.Of which,based on systematics inferred from mitochondrial ND2 gene sequence and morphological data,three new species were recognized:Diploderma daochengense sp.nov.from the Shuiluo River and Muli River valleys in southeastern Daocheng County,D.xinlongense sp.nov.from the upper-middle valleys of the Yalong River in Xinlong County,and D.kangdingense sp.nov.from the Yalong River middle valley and Liqiu River valley.Specifically,these three new species formed three monophyletic lineages with strongly supported and nested into the subclade I of the Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood trees.The uncorrected mean genetic distance between these new species and their closely related species was 4.3%(D.xinlongense sp.nov.vs.D.panchi),3.4%(D.daochengense sp.nov.vs.D.yulongense)and 5.5%(D.kangdingense sp.nov.vs.D.bowoense),higher than many pairs of species of Diploderma.With respect to the morphology,D.daochengense sp.nov.can be easily diagnosed from D.yulongense byhaving smoothupper edge of the dorsolateral stripes,cyan or dark olive green to yellow gular spots inbothsexes and light yelloworwhite ventrolateral body in males;D.xinlongense sp.nov.can be easily diagnosed from D.panchi by having cyan gular spot in both sexes;D.kangdingense sp.nov.can be easily diagnosed from D.bowoense by having more T4S 20-25(average 23),more F4S 16-20(average 17)and yellow to light yellow ventrolateral body,yellow gular spot present in males.To date,the number of species of the genus Diploderma has increased to 40,of which 37 species have been known in China.展开更多
The objectives of this study are to present a detailed and comprehensive description of the osteology of Quasipaa robertingeri (Anura: Dicroglossidae), to provide osteological evidence for taxonomy, and to explore ...The objectives of this study are to present a detailed and comprehensive description of the osteology of Quasipaa robertingeri (Anura: Dicroglossidae), to provide osteological evidence for taxonomy, and to explore the adaptive traits of Q. robertingeri. We comprehensively studied the osteology of 2 adult specimens (1 male 98A00351 and 1 female 98A0041) of Q. robertingeri using conventional methods. Our osteological examination of Q. robertingeri shows that 1) the nasals are large and connect with one another medially; 2) the sphenethmoid is completely covered by the nasals and the frontopatietals, and thus it is not exposed dorsally; 3) the vomerine teeth are well-developed; 4) the anterior parts of the diapophyses' of the presacral II protrude forward in the male, the same observation was made in the presacrals II and III in the female; 5) the pectoral girdle is firmisternal; 6) the omosternum is fan-shaped posteriorly, and almost equal to the length of the mesosternum; 7) the xiphistemum is W-shaped with a deep incision posteriorly; 8) the humerus of the male is more developed in the crista ventralis, the crista medialis, and the crista lateralis; 9) the metacarpal II of the male presents with a nuptial tuber; and 10) the distal phalanges of the digits are anchorshaped. Ultimately, the unique characteristics listed are most likely adaptations to the environment and amplexus of Q. robertingeri.展开更多
Studies of past accidents have revealed that various elements such as failure to identify hazards, crowd behaviors out of controlling, deficiency of the egress signage system, inconsistency between process behavior an...Studies of past accidents have revealed that various elements such as failure to identify hazards, crowd behaviors out of controlling, deficiency of the egress signage system, inconsistency between process behavior and process plan, and environmental constraints, etc. affected crowd evacuation. Above all, the human factor is the key issue in safety and disaster management, although it is bound to other factors inextricably. This paper explores crowd behaviors that may influence an urgent situation, and discusses the technique applied to the crowd prediction. Based on risk rating relative to crowd density, risk plans for different levels are proposed to dispose the potential threats. Also practical crowd management measures at different risk levels are illustrated in a case of a metro station in China. Finally, the strategies for crowd security management are advised that all stakeholders are amenable to form risk consciousness and implement safety procedures consistent with risk plans professionally and scientifically.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to determine the likelihood of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)in subsequent pregnancy among women without GDM history and to identify risk factors for GDM in subsequent pregnancy.Methods:...Objective:This study aimed to determine the likelihood of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)in subsequent pregnancy among women without GDM history and to identify risk factors for GDM in subsequent pregnancy.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved participants who delivered twice in same hospital of 18 research centers when delivered the second baby from January 2018 to December 2018.Finally 6204 women were enrolled and 5180 women without GDM history were analyzed further.Women were categorized as non-GDM or GDM based on the blood glucose values of the subsequent pregnancy,and the characteristics and GDM risk of these groups were compared.A univariate analysis of potential risk factors was performed using the Chi-squared test and/ort-test for qualitative or quantitative variables,respectively.Associations withP values<0.1 were chosen to be included in the multivariate binary logistic regression model.Results:In primary analysis of 6204 women,the incidence of GDM in subsequent pregnancy is 48.9%(490/1002)in women with GDM history and 16.1%(835/5202)in women without GDM history.In a further analysis for 5180 women without GDM at index pregnancy,compared with the non-GDM group,the GDM group had a significantly higher age,prepregnancy body mass index,and blood glucose value at each oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)timepoint(fasting,1 h and 2 h)during the index and subsequent pregnancies,as well as higher weight retention during the interval between the two pregnancies(P<0.001).Age above 35 years in subsequent pregnancy(odds ratio(OR)=1.540,95%confidence interval(CI)=1.257-1.886,P<0.001),macrosomia in index pregnancy(OR=1.749,95%CI=1.277-2.395,P=0.001),OGTT blood glucose values in index pregnancy(fasting,OR=2.487,95%CI=1.883-3.285,P<0.001;1 h,OR=1.142,95%CI=1.051-1.241,P=0.002;2 h,OR=1.290,95%CI=1.162-1.432,P<0.001)and weight retention(OR=1.052,95%CI=1.035-1.068,P<0.001)were independent risk factors for GDM in subsequent pregnancy.Conclusion:For women without GDM history,GDM risk factors including age,macrosomia history,OGTT value,and weight retention,these can be evaluated before a subsequent pregnancy.Early warning and interventions are needed for women at high risk.展开更多
The effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on offspring include macrosomia, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular disease, neural and mental injury, etc. The effects of GDM on the health ...The effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on offspring include macrosomia, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular disease, neural and mental injury, etc. The effects of GDM on the health status of offspring are sustained although pregnancy has ended. It has been proposed that fetal reprogramming causes long-term consequences to metabolic health in offspring. An intrauterine high-glucose environment may lead to changes in the multi-differentiation proficiency of intracorporal stem cells, showing decreased proliferation and osteogenic ability, increased adipogenic ability, accelerated apoptosis, and occurrence of premature failure. This environment also reduces the mobilization of bone marrow stem cells, whereas it increases that of medullary cells. This results in pro-inflammatory conditions and sustained inflammation in the body, thereby increasing the risk of obesity, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, and metabolic abnormalities. Stem cells derived from the amniotic membrane, umbilical cord, or placenta may be a reliable predictor of the long-term effects of GDM on offspring. The levels of blood glucose during pregnancy should be effectively controlled to reduce harm to the neonate.展开更多
INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was earlier defined as "hyperglycemia first recognized during pregnancy" and has more recently been described by American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2012) as d...INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was earlier defined as "hyperglycemia first recognized during pregnancy" and has more recently been described by American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2012) as diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy that is not clearly overt diabetes. The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes study (HAPO) demonstrated that the risk of adverse maternal,fetal,and neonatal outcomes continuously increase as a function of maternal glycemia at 24-28 weeks,even within ranges previously considered normal for pregnancy.展开更多
To the Editor:Macrosomia is of growing prevalence and concern worldwide.In China,there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of macrosomia over the past few decades as a result of economic development and impro...To the Editor:Macrosomia is of growing prevalence and concern worldwide.In China,there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of macrosomia over the past few decades as a result of economic development and improvements in living standards.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Programme of Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology (2017YFC0505202)National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (NSFC31471964 and 31201702)+1 种基金Important Research Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZG-EW-L13)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA19050201)
文摘We described a new species, Microhyla beilunensis sp. nov., from Zhejiang Province of China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 12 S, 16 S and CO1 gene sequences suggested that the new taxon was distinctly separated from its congeners and closed to M. mixtura and M. okinavensis. Morphologically, the new species could be identified from its congeners except M. mixtura by several characters:(1) rudimentary webs on toe base;(2) absence of disks and dorsal median longitudinal grooves on finger tips;(3) presence of disks and dorsal median longitudinal grooves on toe tips. As well, the new species could be identified from topotype M. mixtura by the combination of characters:(1) apart from the stripes, bar-shaped and oval-shaped patterns, the rounded spots present on the dorsum of body and legs;(2) the outer metacarpal tubercles prominently larger than the inner one;(3) of males, the ratios of HW, IND, UEW and LAW to SVL of the new species were significantly larger than those of M. mixtura(P 〈 0.01), and the ratios of SL, IOD, LAHL, HLL, TL, TFL and FL to SVL of the new species were significantly less than those of M. mixtura(P 〈 0.05).
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP 2019QZKK05010503 and 2019QZKK04020202)the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (2019H J2096001006)+1 种基金China Biodiversity Observation Networks (Sino BON)Survey of wild vertebrates in Ganzi Prefecture (20yyjs00030)
文摘In recent years,taxonomic research of the genus Diploderma has made great progress,but there are still areas lacking relevant investigations.During 2020-2021,we carried out survey of reptile diversity in and around the Shaluli Mountains and collected some specimens of Diploderma.Of which,based on systematics inferred from mitochondrial ND2 gene sequence and morphological data,three new species were recognized:Diploderma daochengense sp.nov.from the Shuiluo River and Muli River valleys in southeastern Daocheng County,D.xinlongense sp.nov.from the upper-middle valleys of the Yalong River in Xinlong County,and D.kangdingense sp.nov.from the Yalong River middle valley and Liqiu River valley.Specifically,these three new species formed three monophyletic lineages with strongly supported and nested into the subclade I of the Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood trees.The uncorrected mean genetic distance between these new species and their closely related species was 4.3%(D.xinlongense sp.nov.vs.D.panchi),3.4%(D.daochengense sp.nov.vs.D.yulongense)and 5.5%(D.kangdingense sp.nov.vs.D.bowoense),higher than many pairs of species of Diploderma.With respect to the morphology,D.daochengense sp.nov.can be easily diagnosed from D.yulongense byhaving smoothupper edge of the dorsolateral stripes,cyan or dark olive green to yellow gular spots inbothsexes and light yelloworwhite ventrolateral body in males;D.xinlongense sp.nov.can be easily diagnosed from D.panchi by having cyan gular spot in both sexes;D.kangdingense sp.nov.can be easily diagnosed from D.bowoense by having more T4S 20-25(average 23),more F4S 16-20(average 17)and yellow to light yellow ventrolateral body,yellow gular spot present in males.To date,the number of species of the genus Diploderma has increased to 40,of which 37 species have been known in China.
基金provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) to Xiaohong CHEN (Grant Nos.30870277,31372164,31572245)the key discipline of ecology of Henan Province, and the innovation team of science and technology of Henan Province (C20140032)
文摘The objectives of this study are to present a detailed and comprehensive description of the osteology of Quasipaa robertingeri (Anura: Dicroglossidae), to provide osteological evidence for taxonomy, and to explore the adaptive traits of Q. robertingeri. We comprehensively studied the osteology of 2 adult specimens (1 male 98A00351 and 1 female 98A0041) of Q. robertingeri using conventional methods. Our osteological examination of Q. robertingeri shows that 1) the nasals are large and connect with one another medially; 2) the sphenethmoid is completely covered by the nasals and the frontopatietals, and thus it is not exposed dorsally; 3) the vomerine teeth are well-developed; 4) the anterior parts of the diapophyses' of the presacral II protrude forward in the male, the same observation was made in the presacrals II and III in the female; 5) the pectoral girdle is firmisternal; 6) the omosternum is fan-shaped posteriorly, and almost equal to the length of the mesosternum; 7) the xiphistemum is W-shaped with a deep incision posteriorly; 8) the humerus of the male is more developed in the crista ventralis, the crista medialis, and the crista lateralis; 9) the metacarpal II of the male presents with a nuptial tuber; and 10) the distal phalanges of the digits are anchorshaped. Ultimately, the unique characteristics listed are most likely adaptations to the environment and amplexus of Q. robertingeri.
文摘Studies of past accidents have revealed that various elements such as failure to identify hazards, crowd behaviors out of controlling, deficiency of the egress signage system, inconsistency between process behavior and process plan, and environmental constraints, etc. affected crowd evacuation. Above all, the human factor is the key issue in safety and disaster management, although it is bound to other factors inextricably. This paper explores crowd behaviors that may influence an urgent situation, and discusses the technique applied to the crowd prediction. Based on risk rating relative to crowd density, risk plans for different levels are proposed to dispose the potential threats. Also practical crowd management measures at different risk levels are illustrated in a case of a metro station in China. Finally, the strategies for crowd security management are advised that all stakeholders are amenable to form risk consciousness and implement safety procedures consistent with risk plans professionally and scientifically.
基金supported by grants from the National Program on Basic Research Project of China(2019FY101005 to Geng Song)the World Diabetes Foundation(No.WDF 10-517 and No.WDF 14-908 to Huixia Yang)Scientific Research Seed Fund of Peking University First Hospital(2018SF046 to Geng Song)。
文摘Objective:This study aimed to determine the likelihood of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)in subsequent pregnancy among women without GDM history and to identify risk factors for GDM in subsequent pregnancy.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved participants who delivered twice in same hospital of 18 research centers when delivered the second baby from January 2018 to December 2018.Finally 6204 women were enrolled and 5180 women without GDM history were analyzed further.Women were categorized as non-GDM or GDM based on the blood glucose values of the subsequent pregnancy,and the characteristics and GDM risk of these groups were compared.A univariate analysis of potential risk factors was performed using the Chi-squared test and/ort-test for qualitative or quantitative variables,respectively.Associations withP values<0.1 were chosen to be included in the multivariate binary logistic regression model.Results:In primary analysis of 6204 women,the incidence of GDM in subsequent pregnancy is 48.9%(490/1002)in women with GDM history and 16.1%(835/5202)in women without GDM history.In a further analysis for 5180 women without GDM at index pregnancy,compared with the non-GDM group,the GDM group had a significantly higher age,prepregnancy body mass index,and blood glucose value at each oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)timepoint(fasting,1 h and 2 h)during the index and subsequent pregnancies,as well as higher weight retention during the interval between the two pregnancies(P<0.001).Age above 35 years in subsequent pregnancy(odds ratio(OR)=1.540,95%confidence interval(CI)=1.257-1.886,P<0.001),macrosomia in index pregnancy(OR=1.749,95%CI=1.277-2.395,P=0.001),OGTT blood glucose values in index pregnancy(fasting,OR=2.487,95%CI=1.883-3.285,P<0.001;1 h,OR=1.142,95%CI=1.051-1.241,P=0.002;2 h,OR=1.290,95%CI=1.162-1.432,P<0.001)and weight retention(OR=1.052,95%CI=1.035-1.068,P<0.001)were independent risk factors for GDM in subsequent pregnancy.Conclusion:For women without GDM history,GDM risk factors including age,macrosomia history,OGTT value,and weight retention,these can be evaluated before a subsequent pregnancy.Early warning and interventions are needed for women at high risk.
文摘The effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on offspring include macrosomia, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular disease, neural and mental injury, etc. The effects of GDM on the health status of offspring are sustained although pregnancy has ended. It has been proposed that fetal reprogramming causes long-term consequences to metabolic health in offspring. An intrauterine high-glucose environment may lead to changes in the multi-differentiation proficiency of intracorporal stem cells, showing decreased proliferation and osteogenic ability, increased adipogenic ability, accelerated apoptosis, and occurrence of premature failure. This environment also reduces the mobilization of bone marrow stem cells, whereas it increases that of medullary cells. This results in pro-inflammatory conditions and sustained inflammation in the body, thereby increasing the risk of obesity, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, and metabolic abnormalities. Stem cells derived from the amniotic membrane, umbilical cord, or placenta may be a reliable predictor of the long-term effects of GDM on offspring. The levels of blood glucose during pregnancy should be effectively controlled to reduce harm to the neonate.
文摘INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was earlier defined as "hyperglycemia first recognized during pregnancy" and has more recently been described by American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2012) as diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy that is not clearly overt diabetes. The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes study (HAPO) demonstrated that the risk of adverse maternal,fetal,and neonatal outcomes continuously increase as a function of maternal glycemia at 24-28 weeks,even within ranges previously considered normal for pregnancy.
文摘To the Editor:Macrosomia is of growing prevalence and concern worldwide.In China,there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of macrosomia over the past few decades as a result of economic development and improvements in living standards.