Comparative metabolomics analysis in the clean label ingredient of NFC spine grape juice processed by mild heating vs high pressure processing

Not from concentrate(NFC)fruit juice is the crucial clean label ingredient for new-style tea-making due to its pleasant color and fresh aroma.Here,we compared the effects of mild heating(MH)and high pressure processing(HPP)on physicochemical characters and phytochemicals in NFC spine grape juice based on metabolomics analysis.Similar compound profiles were observed between HPP-treated and fresh juices.The richer phytochemical compounds comprised malvidin-3-O-glucoside,malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside,quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside,quercetin-3-Oglucuronide,catechin,caffeic acid,ferulic acid,procyanidin B1,procyanidin B2 were obtained after MH treatment.Nine marker phenolics and two marker tripeptides(i.e.,Glu-Val-Phe and Leu-Leu-Tyr)were identified to differentiate MH from HPP treatment,of which higher contents occurred in the MH group.Storage time experiments showed that the Glu-Val-Phe could serve as potential markers for monitoring storage of spine grape juice.These results provide new insights into the effects of processing on individual phytochemical changes and the guide for commercial application of production of spine grape NFC juice.

Transformation of alkali and alkaline-earth metals during coal oxy-fuel combustion in the presence of SO_2 and H_2O

The occurrence modes of alkali and alkaline-earth metals（AAEMs） in coal relate to their release behavior and ash formation during combustion. To better understand the transformation of AAEMs,the release behavior of water-soluble,HCl-soluble,HCl-insoluble AAEMs during Shenmu coal（SM coal） oxy-fuel combustion in the presence of SO2 and H2O in a drop-tube reactor was investigated through serial dissolution using H2O and HCl solutions. The results show that the release rates of AAEMs increase with an increase in temperature under the three atmospheres studied. The high release rates of Mg and Ca from SM coal are dependent on the high content of soluble Mg and Ca in SM coal. SO2 inhibits the release rates of AAEMs,while H2O promotes them. The effects of SO2 and H2O on the Na and K species are more evident than those on Mg and Ca species. All three types of AAEMs in coal can volatilize in the gas phase during coal combustion. The W-type AAEMs release excessively,whereas the release rates of I-type AAEMs are relatively lower. Different types of AAEM may interconvert through different pathways under certain conditions. Both SO2 and H2O promote the transformation reactions. The effect of SO2 was related to sulfate formation and the promotion by H2O occurs because of a decrease in the melting point of the solid as well as the reaction of H2O.

Speciation and thermal transformation of sulfur forms in high-sulfur coal and its utilization in coal-blending coking process:A review

The utilization of high-sulfur coal is becoming more urgent due to the excessive utilization of low-sulfur,high-quality coal resources,and sulfur removal from high-sulfur coal is the most important issue.This paper reviews the speciation,forms and distribution of sulfur in coal,the sulfur removal from raw coal,the thermal transformation of sulfur during coal pyrolysis,and the sulfur regulation during coal-blending coking of high organic-sulfur coals.It was suggested that the proper characterization of sulfur in coal cannot be obtained only by either chemical method or instrumental characterization,which raises the need of a combination of current or newly adopted characterization methods.Different from the removal of inorganic sulfur from coal,the organic sulfur can only be partly removed by chemical technologies;and the coal structure and property,particularly high-sulfur coking coals which have caking ability,may be altered and affected by the pretreatment processes.Based on the interactions among the sulfur radicals,sulfur-containing and hydrogen-containing fragments during coal pyrolysis and the reactions with minerals or nascent char,regulating the sulfur transformation behavior in the process of thermal conversion is the most effective way to utilize high organic-sulfur coals in the coke-making industry.An in-situ regulation approach of sulfur transformation during coal-blending coking has been suggested.That is,the high volatile coals with an appropriate releasing temperature range of CH4 overlapping well with that of H2 S from high organic-sulfur coals is blended with high organic-sulfur coals,and the C–S/C–C bonds in some sulfur forms are catalytically broken and immediately hydrogenated by the hydrogencontaining radicals generated from high volatile coals.Wherein,the effect of mass transfer on sulfur regulation during the coking process should be considered for the larger-scale coking tests through optimizing the ratios of different coals in the coal blend.

Effect of impregnation methods on sorbents made from lignite for desulfurization at middle temperature

With lignite after vacuum drying as the raw material,a series of Zn-based sorbents were prepared by static impregnation,ultrasonic-assisted impregnation,bubbling-assisted impregnation and high-pressure impregnation.The physical properties and the desulfurization performances of Zn-based sorbents were studied systematically by XRD,BET,AAS characterization techniques and the fixed-bed desulfurization evaluation apparatus.The sorbents obtained by high-pressure impregnation method have a larger specific surface area,pore volume and pore diameter comparing with other methods,which is conducive to the sulfidation reaction of hydrogen sulfide gas in the sorbent.The effects of pressure during the high-pressure impregnation and concentration of Zn(NO3)2 precursor solution on the sorbents properties and desulfurization behavior were investigated.The higher the impregnation pressure and the concentration of impregnation solution are,the greater the amount of the active components are uploaded.However,overhigh impregnation pressure can cause collapse and blocking of the carrier pore.The optimal operating condition of high-pressure impregnation method for preparing the sorbents was the impregnation pressure of 20 atm and the solution concentration of 41%.Under that condition,the sorbent had the best desulfurization ability with a sulfur capacity of 13.94 gS/100 gsorbent and a breakthrough time of 54 h.Its desulfurization precision and efficiency of removing H2S before sorbent breakthrough from the middle temperature gases of 400℃ can reach【5 ppm and】99%,respectively.Sorbents could be regenerated under the condition of 1 vol%O2,20 vol% H2O,0.5 vol% NH3,and N2balance gas.The regenerated sorbent could be used for repeated absorption of H2S with a slight decrease in desulfurization effect.

Citron C-05 inhibits both the penetration and colonization of Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri to achieve resistance to citrus canker disease

Citrus canker,caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri(Xcc),is a serious bacterial disease that affects citrus production worldwide.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)is the only germplasm in the Citrus genus that has been identified to exhibit strong resistance to Xcc.However,it has not been determined when,where,and how Xcc is restricted in the tissues of Citron C-05 during the infection process.In the present study,we investigated the spatiotemporal growth dynamics of an eGFP-labeled virulent Xcc(eGFP-Xcc)strain in Citron C-05 along with five susceptible biotypes(i.e.,lemon,pummelo,sour orange,sweet orange,and ponkan mandarin)upon inoculation via the spraying or leaf infiltration of a bacterial suspension.The results from extensive confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses showed that while Xcc grew rapidly in plants of all five susceptible genotypes,Xcc was severely restricted in the epidermal and mesophyll cell layers of the leaves of Citron C-05 in the early stage of infection.Not surprisingly,resistance against Xcc in Citron C-05 was found to be associated with the production of reactive oxygen species and hypersensitive response-like cell death,as well as greater upregulation of several defense-related genes,including a pathogenesis-related gene(PR1)and a glutathione S-transferase gene(GST1),compared with sweet orange as a susceptible control.Taken together,our results not only provide further valuable details of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the host entry,propagation,and spread of Xcc in both resistant and susceptible citrus plants but also suggest that resistance to Xcc in Citron C-05 may be attributed to the activation of multiple defense mechanisms.

Structures and oxygen storage/release capacities of CexZr1-xO2:Effects of Zr content and preparation method

Ceria-zirconia solid solution has been prepared by the urea grind combustion and citric acid sol-gel methods for catalytic applications as oxygen storage/release materials in this study. The properties and oxygen storage/release capacities of samples with different Zr contents were characterized and evaluated by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Nadsorption, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, Raman spectroscopy, and insitu CO–COlooping test. The results demonstrate that the samples prepared by two methods are all of excellent lattice [O] release/storage properties and maintain good long-term cycle stability. But the preparation method significantly impacts the homogeneity of samples related to their redox properties and the content of Zr over 20%, which greatly changed the properties of ceria-zirconia solid solutions and caused their changing of crystalline symmetry from cubic to tetragonal. The samples prepared by citric acid solgel method are of more homogeneous particle sizes and higher specific surface areas than that by urea grind combustion method, which is benefit to the oxygen release rather than oxygen storage. The bulk oxygen amount migrated to surface increases with the increasing Zr content, however, the amount of lattice oxygen migration decreases when Zr content is over 20%. When Zr content is 20%, the differences of storage/release capacities from two different preparation methods are reduced at high temperature in the long-term loop reaction.

Hierarchical porous carbon derived from coal-based carbon foam for high-performance supercapacitors

Hierarchical porous carbon(HPC)from bituminous coal was designed and synthesized through pyrolysis foaming and KOH activation.The obtained HPC(NCF-KOH)were characterized by a high specific surface area(S_(BET))of 3472.41 m^(2)/g,appropriate mesopores with V_(mes)/V_(total)of 57%,and a proper amount of surface oxygen content(10.03%).This NCF-KOH exhibited a high specific capacitance of 487 F/g at 1.0 A/g and a rate capability of 400 F/g at 50 A/g based on the three-electrode configuration.As an electrode for a symmetric capacitor,a specific capacitance of 299 F/g at 0.5 A/g was exhibited,and the specific capacitance retained 96%of the initial capacity at 5 A/g after 10,000 cycles.Furthermore,under the power density of 249.6 W/kg in 6 mol/L KOH,a high energy density of 10.34 Wh/kg was obtained.The excellent charge storage capability benefited from its interconnected hierarchical pore structure with high accessible surface area and the suitable amount of oxygen-containing functional groups.Thus,an effective strategy to synthesize HPC for high-performance supercapacitors serves as a promising way of converting coal into advanced carbon materials.