Mechanism of Wendan decoction in preventing obesity by regulating multiple signal pathway networks based on gene promoter methylation

Objective:To investigate the potential mechanism of Wendan decoction in obesity by screening target genes with promoter region methylation changes and constructing a multiple signaling pathways network based on promoter methylation.Methods:The methylation degree of Itgad,Col8a1,Adra2b,Jund,Rab2a,Wnt8b,Fzd9,B4galt7,Pik3cd,Creb1,Stard8,and Mmp1 in the abdominal adipose tissue of obese rats was determined using the Agena MassARRAY system.Western blot was performed to assess protein expression levels.Target genes were identified based on the methylation degree in the promoter region and protein expression.Enrichment analysis of signaling pathways was conducted to identify relevant target genes and obtain a multiple signaling pathway network associated with obesity.Core and terminal effector molecules in the pathway networks were selected as research targets for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)analysis.Results:Four genes(Adra2b,Creb1,Itgad,and Pik3cd)showed a degree of promoter methylation consistent with their respective protein expression levels.Among them,Adra2b,Creb1,and Pik3cd expression increased,while that of Itgad decreased.Enrichment analysis revealed that Creb1 and Pik3cd were involved in 6 signaling pathways related to obesity:tumor necrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway,growth hormone synthesis/secretion and action,adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway,relaxin signaling pathway,cyclic nucleotide(cAMP)signaling pathway,and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)signaling pathway.Subsequently,a multiple signaling pathways network was constructed based on promoter methylation.Key molecules including protein kinase B(AKT),mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1),and unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1(ULK1),as well as terminal effector molecules interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),and chemokine(C-X-C motif)ligand 2(CXCL2)were selected as research targets.Wendan decoction decreased the expressions of AKT,mTORC1,IL-1β,IL-6,and CXCL2 while up-regulating ULK1 expression.Conclusion:The mechanism of Wendan decoction in preventing obesity involves the regulation of multiple signaling pathways through the control of Creb1 and Pik3cd gene promoter methylation.However,the associated multi-path gene regulation mechanism in preventing obesity is complex.Thus,further exploration is needed to elucidate the role of methylation changes in this mechanism.

Analysis of Water Quality and Eutrophication Status of Artificial Lakes on Campus:A Case Study in Tibet University

In this paper,the artificial lake on the campus of Tibet University was taken as the research object.By detecting the water quality of the lake,the standard index method and comprehensive pollution index method were used to understand the water quality characteristics,pollution status,and main pollutants of the Siyuan Lake.On this basis,the comprehensive nutritional status index method was used to evaluate the eutrophication status of the Siyuan Lake.The results showed that the overall water quality of the artificial lake was good,showing as still clean,with TN and TP being the main pollution factors of the artificial lake.The main nutritional indicators were TN,TP,and transparency,with a comprehensive nutritional level of middle eutropher.Based on the environmental characteristics of the artificial lake area on the campus of Tibet University,reasonable treatment measures have been proposed.It hoped to prevent and improve the water environment through these measures,and provide reference for the protection and restoration of campus landscape water body.

皂荚种植技术规范化操作规程(SOP)

皂荚具有较高的药用和经济价值,近年来由于人类的过度采伐和破坏,野生皂荚资源日益减少,因此,大力发展皂荚种植变得日益重要。本文通过查阅相关文献并结合生产实际通过选地适树,育苗管理,栽培技术,田间管理,病虫害防治和采收贮藏六个方面来优化皂荚种植技术规范化操作规程,以利于促进皂荚产业的健康可持续发展。

Role of Notoginsenoside Rg1 in Improving Spatial Cognitive Ability and Lowering Phosphorylation Level of Tau Protein in AD Model Rats

[Objectives] To study the effects and mechanism of notoginsenoside Rg1 on the spatial learning and memory and phosphorylated tau protein in the AD( Alzheimer's Disease) model rat. [Methods]The AD model rat was replicated by injection of Aβ_(25-35) in the left lateral ventricles of SD rats. The low dose( 25 mg/kg),middle dose( 50 mg/kg) and high dose( 100 mg/kg) notoginsenoside Rg1 was used for intragastric administration,respectively,two times every day. After 4 weeks,the Morris water maze test was done to detect the learning and memory capacity,and the immunoblotting,immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the changes in the phosphorylation level and distribution of tau protein in hippocampus of the rats. [Results] After the intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ_(25-35),the learning and memory capacity of the model rats was significantly lower than the learning and memory capacity of the normal control rats. The immunoblotting test results showed that the phosphorylation level of tau protein threonine 231 site( Thr231) in hippocampus was significantly increased,and the nonphosphorylation level was significantly decreased. The morphological testing results showed that the phosphorylation level of tau protein Thr231 of AD model rats was increased markedly in region of DG,CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus. The intervention of the middle dose notoginsenoside Rg1 could significantly improve the learning and memory capacity of the model rats in Morris water maze. The notoginsenoside Rg1 in three different doses could all reduce the phosphorylation level of tau protein Thr231 in the hippocampal DG,CA1,CA3 regions,and there were no significant differences among the three doses. [Conclusions]The notoginsenoside Rg1 could improve Aβ_(25-35)-induced spatial learning and memory impairment of the AD model rats,and decreased the phosphorylation level of tau protein in hippocampus.

Breeding and Evaluation of New Iron Yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb) Varieties

[Objective] This study was conducted to develop some new iron yam(Dioscorea opposita) varieties with excellent cooking, eating and nutritional qualities.[Method] The fresh weight per plant, drying rate, dry weight per plant, yield, allantoin content, water soluble extract content and disease resistance of seven new iron yam cultivars(No.1, No.2, No.4, No.6, No.8, No.9 and No.10) obtained through spaceflight mutation breeding were measured and compared with control(No.11).Then, the nutrition quality of two elite cultivars No. 6 and No.10 was determined by comparing with the control. [Result] The eight iron yam cultivars ranked in descending order of their fresh weight per plant as follows: No.6(0.255 kg)>No.10(0.254 kg)>No.4(0.242 kg)>No.9(0.237 kg)>No.1(0.233 kg)>No.11(0.206 kg)>No.2(0.191 kg)>No.8(0.157 kg). There was no significant difference in fresh weight per plant between No.6 and No.10, but extremely significant difference between No.6 and the control,No.10 and the control. The eight iron yam cultivars ranked in descending order of their drying rate as follows: No.2(32.641%)>No.10(32.230%)>No.9(28.223%)>No.6(25.174%)>No.8(25.122%)>No.11(25.043%)>No.1(24.291%)>No.4(20.234%). The drying rate of both No.6 and No.10 was higher than that of the control. The eight iron yam cultivars ranked in descending order of their dry weight per plant as follows:No.10(0.082 kg)>No.9(0.067 kg)>No.6(0.064 kg)>No.2(0.062 kg)>No.1(0.056 kg)>No.11(0.052 kg)>No.4(0.049 kg)>No.8(0.039 kg). The dry weight per plant of both No.6and No.10 is higher than that of the control. The eight iron yam cultivars ranked in descending order of their allantoin content as follows No.6(0.484%)>No.4(0.467%)>No.10(0.399%) >No.11(0.386%) >No.9(0.378%) >No.8(0.350%) >No.2(0.342) >No.1(0.325%). The allantoin content of No.6 was significantly higher than that of No.10 and the control. There was significant difference in allantoin content between No.6and No.10, but no significant difference between No 10 and the control. The eight iron yam cultivars ranked in descending order of their extract content as follows No.6(20.49%)>No.2(16.01%)>No.4(15.54%)>No.10(15.35%)>No.1(14.48%)>No.11(14.10%)>No.9(13.88%)>No.8(11.87%). The extract content of No.6 exhibited extremely significant difference with that of No.10 and the control, and the extract content of No.10 was also significantly different from that of the control. The taste of No.10 was dry, soft, floury, sweet and fragrant, better than that of the other seven cultivars.No.6 had the strongest resistance to Gloeosporium pestis and Cylindrosporium dioscoreae. No.10 had a middle resistance to G. pestis and a strong resistance to C. dioscoreae. No.6 and No.10 had higher contents of starch, reducing sugar, protein and ash, lower water content and better nutrition quality than the control.[Conclusion] No.10 can be popularized as a new variety of edible iron yam, and No.6as a new variety of medicinal iron yam.

Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Tibet

This paper takes seven cities in the Tibet Autonomous Region as the study area,and collects data from more than 20 monitoring stations covering the Tibet Autonomous Region in the ambient air quality online monitoring platform to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of PM_(10),PM_(2.5),SO_(2),NO_(2),CO and O_(3)MAD 8(ozone daily maximum 8-h average).The results show that(1)the multi-year average PM_(2.5)concentration in Tibet Autonomous Region is 12.03μg/m^(3);the multi-year average PM_(10)concentration is 28.27μg/m^(3);the multi-year average CO concentration is 0.59 mg/m^(3);the multi-year average NO_(2)concentration is 12.34μg/m^(3);the multi-year average SO_(2)concentration is 7.00μg/m^(3);the multi-year average value of O_(3)is 89.54μg/m^(3).The concentrations of atmospheric pollutants all meet the primary concentration limits of the Ambient Air Quality Standards(GB 3095-2012).(2)The air environment in the Tibet Autonomous Region in spring is relatively poor,with about 20%of excellent days and 80%of good days.The air environment is relatively good in summer,autumn and winter,with about 65%-87%of excellent days and 35%-13%of good days.The air environment quality of Tibet Autonomous Region is excellent:winter>autumn>summer>spring,and good:spring>summer>autumn>winter.(3)Except for NO_(2)which is more influenced by automobile exhaust and SO_(2)which is more influenced by man-made source in winter,the ambient air quality in Tibet Autonomous Region is less influenced by industry.The variability characteristics of the six atmospheric pollutants studied in this paper are strongly correlated with the unique natural environment of Tibet(air pressure,altitude,wind speed,temperature,precipitation,solar radiation,etc).

Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater in Shigatse Landfill Site of Tibet

[Objectives]The research aimed to grasp environmental quality of groundwater in a landfill site,predict health risk of pollution factors to regional residents,provide scientific basis for landfill management,pollution prevention and control,and ensure safety of residents'drinking water supply.[Methods]Through on-site sampling of three groundwater monitoring wells at Shigatse landfill,and testing and analysis of conventional indexes and heavy metal elements,standard index method and comprehensive index method were used to evaluate environmental quality of groundwater in the landfill area.On this basis,a health risk evaluation model was applied to assess the health risk of residents in Shigatse landfill area.[Results]Comprehensive water quality was good in individual well of Shigatse landfill.Because NH_(3)-N and Fe in the monitoring well exceeded class Ⅲ standard of groundwater environmental quality in 2014,pollution of monitoring well was relatively heavy.The total carcinogenic risk of landfill groundwater for male and female was 1.855×10^(-6) and 2.238×10^(-6),respectively,exceeding the maximum acceptable level of carcinogenic risk for contaminants(1×10^(-6)).Cr^(6+)should be paid attention to.Moreover,risk value of health hazard for females was generally higher than that of males.The total non-carcinogenic risk values for males and females were 0.0577 and 0.0696,respectively,far lower than the non-carcinogenic risk threshold of"1".[Conclusions]The groundwater environmental quality of Shigatse landfill site was good,and it posed a little health risk to regional residents.