A taxonomic review of the genus Stenolechia Meyrick(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae:Litini)from China,with descriptions of three new species

Species of Stenolechia Meyrick,1894 from China are reviewed,including three new species:Stenolechia longivalva sp.nov.,Stenolechia curvativalva sp.nov.and Stenolechia cuneata sp.nov.,and three new records to China:Stenolechia kodamai Okada,1962,Stenolechia insulalis Park,2016 and Stenolechia notomochla Meyrick,1935.The previously unknown female of Stenolechia insulalis Park,2016 is described.Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided,along with two keys to the Chinese species based on the male and female genitalia.

Strategies for Improving the Teaching Quality in Middle Schools Under the Double Reduction Policy

The meaning of the term“reduction”in Double Reduction Policy implores teachers to reflect on their teaching process and improve teaching efficiency.Not only should the quantity be reduced,but so should the behavior.Having a comprehensive understanding of the students’learning process is actually a form of science.Therefore,we need to study and enhance its development[1].In order to reduce the learning burden and increase the efficiency of classroom teaching,we must clearly identify the inefficient and ineffective behaviors in classroom teaching,so as to avoid the following situations:a lack of deep thinking,a lack of ability in lesson preparation,fragmentation of questions and answers,a lack of questions that highlight the key points,anticlimax teaching process,and the habit of running over time in class[2,3].On this basis,this paper elaborates the current education state and clarifies the basic requirements of effective classroom teaching.Meanwhile,to reduce students’workload and increase the efficiency in carrying out assignments,much attention should be paid to optimizing assignment design and refining homework review and feedback.The purpose is to assign homework with an appropriate amount(achievable),precision(targeted),and suitability(personalized).Putting an end to the repetitious and unified training is not enough to improve the effect.

Mechanism of interactions betweenα-conotoxin RegIIA and carbohydrates at the humanα3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Conotoxins are marine peptide toxins from marine cone snails.Theα-conotoxin RegIIA can selectively act on human(h)α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(nAChR),and is an important lead for drug development.The high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of theα3β4 nAChR demonstrates several carbohydrates are located near the orthosteric binding sites,which may affectα-conotoxin binding.Oligosaccharide chains can modify the physical and chemical properties of proteins by changing the conformation,hydrophobicity,quality and size of the protein.The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of oligosaccharide chains on the binding modes and activities of RegIIA and its derivatives at hα3β4 nAChRs.Through computational simulations,we designed and synthesized RegIIA mutants at position 14 to explore the importance of residue H14 to the activity of the peptide.Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the oligosaccharide chains affect the binding of RegIIA at the hα3β4 nAChR through direct interactions with H14 and by affecting the C-loop conformation of the binding sites.Electrophysiology studies on H14 analogues suggest that in addition to forming direct interactions with the carbohydrates,the residue might play an important role in maintaining the conformation of the peptide.Overall,this study further clarifies the structure–activity relationship ofα-conotoxin RegIIA at the hα3β4 nAChR and,also provides important experimental and theoretical basis for the development of new peptide drugs.