Lignin-assisted construction of sub-10 nm supramolecular self-assembly for photothermal immunotherapy and potentiating anti-PD-1 therapy against primary and distant breast tumors

Photothermal therapy(PTT)has brought hope for cancer treatments,with hyperthermia-induced immunogenic cell death(ICD),which is a critical part of therapeutically induced antitumor immune responses.Limited immune stimulation response in PTT is the primary reason for incomplete tumor ablation,therefore demonstrating urgent requirements for ICD amplifier.Herein,a sub-10 nm supramolecular nanoassembly was formed by coassembly of clinically approved aluminum adjuvant and commonly used indocyanine green(ICG)under the assistance of lignosulfonate(LS,a green and sustainable multifunctional lignin derivative)for localized photothermal-immunotherapy of breast cancer.The overall results revealed that LS-Al-ICG is capable of inducing amplified ICD,efficiently eliciting solid immune responses through dendritic cells(DCs)activation and cytotoxic T-cell responses initiation for tumor killing.Moreover,anti-PD-1 therapy blocked the PD-1 pathway and led to remarkable anti-tumor efficacy against laser-irradiated primary tumors and distant tumors by potentiating systemic tumor specific T cell immunity.The results of this study demonstrate a handy and extensible approach for engineering green natural lignin nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy,which shows promise for delivering other therapeutics in biomedical applications.

Lectin affinity-based glycoproteome analysis of the developing xylem in poplar

Glycosylation is a significant post-translational modification of proteins,and some glycoproteins serve as players in plant cell wall synthesis and modification.Wood is a highly developed cell wall organization,and protein glycosylation as a regulatory mechanism may be involved in wood formation.Here,a lectin affinity-based glycoproteome was performed in stem developing xylem of poplar.After enrichment,trypsin digestion,LC-MS/MS analysis and peptide identification,we identified 154 glycoproteins from poplar developing xylem,which were classified into nine functional groups mainly including protein acting on carbohydrates,oxido-reductase,proteases,and protein kinases.Further,N-and/or Oglycosylation sites of the identified proteins were analyzed using bioinformatic tools,and deglycosylation experiments in the selected PtSOD and PtHAD proteins verified the reliability of the identified glycoproteins.Analysis of protein subcellular localization showed that a total of 63%of the identified glycoproteins were extracellular proteins or located in the plasma membrane.Poplar eFP and RT-qPCR data showed that a number of the genes encoding these glycoproteins such as laccase,peroxidase and cysteine protease,have highly preferential expression profiles in the developing xylem.Together with previously published research,most identified glycoproteins could be involved in wood cell wall synthesis and modification in poplar.Thus,our study provides some potential wood formation-related glycoproteins to be determined during tree stem development.

Effect of oxygen terminated surface of boron-doped diamond thin-film electrode on seawater salinity sensing

Tremendous demands for highly sensitive and stable seawater salinometers have motivated intensive research on advanced electrode materials.Boron-doped diamond(BDD)is attractive in terms of its high mechanical stability and chemical inertness,but is usually hindered by its low double-layer capacitance(C_(dl))for seawater salinity detection.Here,inspired by the principle of oxygen-terminated BDD electrode endowing higher C_(dl)than hydrogen-terminated surface,we introduce the oxygen terminated surface by oxygen plasma or reactive ion etch(RIE),and the fabricated oxygen terminated BDD electrodes demonstrate high sensitivity and long-term stability in seawater salinity detection comparing with the hydrogen terminated BDD electrodes.Significantly,the as-fabricated O-BDD-RIE electrodes not only show remarkable enhanced response even better than the commercial platinum black electrodes but also display long-time stability which is weekly verified by continuous monitor for 90 days.The outstanding performance of the oxygen terminated BDD electrodes can be ascribed to the enhancement of C-O surface functional group on C_(dl).In addition,a comprehensive analysis of effective electroactive surface area(EASA)and C_(dl)proves that the surface oxygen is the major factor for the improved C_(dl).In summary,the excellent oxygen terminated BDD electrodes promise potential application in seawater salinity detection.