Synthesis of structurally controlled graphene materials is critical for realizing their practical applications.The electrochemical exfoliation of graphite has emerged as a simple method to produce graphene materials.T...Synthesis of structurally controlled graphene materials is critical for realizing their practical applications.The electrochemical exfoliation of graphite has emerged as a simple method to produce graphene materials.This review examines research progress in the last 5 years,from 2015 to 2019.Graphene material synthesis methods generally have a trade‐off between increasing production yield and achieving better material property control.The synthesis conditions for synthesizing pristine graphene,graphene oxide(GO),and graphene composites are significantly different.Thus,in this review,we first discuss synthesis methods for graphene materials with high C/O ratios from four aspects:graphite electrodes,equipment engineering,electrolytes,and additional reduction methods.Next,we survey synthesis methods for GO and examine how the pretreatment of the graphite electrodes,electrolytes,and operation parameters,such as applied voltages,electrolyte temperatures,and mechanical forces,affect the quality of GO.Further,we summarize electrochemical exfoliation methods used to dope graphene materials,introduce covalent functional groups,incorporate various nanoparticles,and assembly of graphene architectures.For all synthesis methods,we compare the properties of resulting graphene materials such as C/O ratios,lateral size,layer numbers,and quality characterized by Raman spectroscopy.Lastly,we propose our perspectives on further research.We hope this review stimulates more studies to realize the on‐demand production of graphene materials with desired properties using electrochemical exfoliation methods.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51678163,91851202Australian Research Council,Grant/Award Number:FT160100107 and DP180102210。
文摘Synthesis of structurally controlled graphene materials is critical for realizing their practical applications.The electrochemical exfoliation of graphite has emerged as a simple method to produce graphene materials.This review examines research progress in the last 5 years,from 2015 to 2019.Graphene material synthesis methods generally have a trade‐off between increasing production yield and achieving better material property control.The synthesis conditions for synthesizing pristine graphene,graphene oxide(GO),and graphene composites are significantly different.Thus,in this review,we first discuss synthesis methods for graphene materials with high C/O ratios from four aspects:graphite electrodes,equipment engineering,electrolytes,and additional reduction methods.Next,we survey synthesis methods for GO and examine how the pretreatment of the graphite electrodes,electrolytes,and operation parameters,such as applied voltages,electrolyte temperatures,and mechanical forces,affect the quality of GO.Further,we summarize electrochemical exfoliation methods used to dope graphene materials,introduce covalent functional groups,incorporate various nanoparticles,and assembly of graphene architectures.For all synthesis methods,we compare the properties of resulting graphene materials such as C/O ratios,lateral size,layer numbers,and quality characterized by Raman spectroscopy.Lastly,we propose our perspectives on further research.We hope this review stimulates more studies to realize the on‐demand production of graphene materials with desired properties using electrochemical exfoliation methods.
基金The authors thank Yinghua Cen and Xian Fu for their suggestions during manuscript preparation. The authors thank Stephanie Baehas-Daunert for her helps in English language modifications. This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （Grant No. 2012CB22307）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 31170470）, Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Research Team Program （9351007002000001 ）, the International Cooperation Projects of Guangdong Province （2011B050400005） and Guangdong Provincial Programs for Science and Technology Development （2012A061100009）. No conflict of interest exits in this manuscript.
文摘从污染环境样品的高质量的微生物引起的 DNA 的抽取是在微生物引起的生态的学习的必要的步。为土壤和沉积样品基于以前出版的方法，一个修改预告的处理方法为经由最佳的预告的处理参数的选择从重重地污染的河沉积样品提取微生物引起的 DNA 被开发(即，试剂答案，反应持续时间，和温度) 。预告的处理过程涉及与包含有效技术的 0.1 摩尔在废水消除危险、有毒、高度集中的有机化合物的一个答案在三次洗河沉积样品。在纸，多围的碳 nanotubes ( MWCNT )，由 O 的 functionalized <潜水艇class=“ a-plus-plus ”> 3 </sub>,当任何金属不在时被用作催化剂在酚的催化湿空气氧化( CWAO )调查催化活动，硝基苯( NB )和在温和操作的苯胺调节( 155
