Re-emergence of canine Leishmania infantum infection in mountain areas of Beijing

Canine Leishmaniasis(CanL)is an endemic infectious disease in China,causing visceral Leishmaniasis(VL)and result-ing in important public health problem.However,in the last 3 y,endemic trends have changed considerably and spa-tial-temporal aggregation areas have shifted from northwestern to central China.Although Beijing was an endemic area for CanL in the last century,this disease has not been reported in Beijing since control programs were imple-mented in the 1950s.In the present study,PCR and immunochromatographic(ICT)were used to estimate prevalence of Leishmania infection in domestic dogs living in Beijing,a VL re-emergencearea.In total,4420 canine blood samples were collected at vet clinics in 14 districts of Beijing.Overall prevalence(percentage of dogs seropositive and/or PCR positive)of CanL infection in Beijing was 1.22%(54/4420).However,prevalence of CanL in the western mountain areas was 4.68%(45/961),significantly higher than that(0.26%,9/3459)of the plains.In addition,multilocus sequence typing(MLST)of seven enzyme-coding genes was used to examine phylogenetic relationships of CanL strains.Forty-one Leishmania infantum isolates were well separated from the other strains and divided into five major clades(A to E)by MLST analysis.All clades were closely related to strains from Sichuan Province and Gansu Province.A phylogenetic tree,based on the MLST,revealed that L.infantum in Beijing was genetically related to strains from western endemic of Mountain type VL in China.In conclusion,CanL has re-emerged in Beijing,and almost 5%of dogs living in Beijing’s mountain areas were infected with L.infantum.The phylogenetic tree based on MLST effectively distinguished species of Leishmania and reflected geographical origins.Because dogs are considered a natural reservoir,comprehensive control measures including surveillance,phylogenetic analyses and management should be implemented to mitigate or eliminate Leishmaniasis.