The Influence Law of Oil Relative Permeability on Water Cut

Water cut is a key evaluation parameter for reservoir development evaluation. Relative permeability curve reflects reservoir characteristics and fluid characteristics. It is important to figure out the influence law of oil relative permeability on water cut. Based on the 269 relative permeability curves of Bohai oilfields, the distribution of oil index of Bohai oilfields were studied. On the basis, combined with Corey expression of relative permeability and fractional flow equation, the theoretical relationship between oil index and water cut increasing rate was established. Three end points of water cut increasing rate curve were proposed and the influence law between three end points and oil index was studied. The results show that the oil index has a linear relationship with three end points. When the value of water oil mobile ratio is large than 1, with the increase of oil index, maximum value of water cut increasing rate gradually increase. When the value of water oil mobile ratio is less than 10, oil index has great effect on recovery percent when water cut increasing rate reaches to the maximum value as well as water cut when water cut increasing rate reaches to the maximum value. The application of SS field shows that the theoretical value is consistent with the field data.

PGRN exacerbates the progression of non-small cell lung cancer via PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 antiapoptotic signaling

Progranulin(PGRN)is a growth factor that is involved in the progression of multiple tumors.However,the effects and molecular mechanisms by which PGRN induces lung cancer remain unclear.The expression level of PGRN was analyzed by conducting immunohistochemistry of the histological sections of lung tissues from non-small-cell lung carcinoma(NSCLC)patients.The proliferation,apoptosis,migration,and invasion of NSCLC cells were assessed by the MTT assay,Western blot,degree of wound healing,and Transwell assays.A nude mouse xenograft model was used to validate the role of PGRN in vivo.The expression level of PGRN was higher in male patients with lung adenocarcinoma than in those with lung squamous cell carcinoma;by contrast,no difference was observed in female patients.The overexpression of PGRN promoted the proliferation and anti-apoptosis of H520(derived from lung squamous cell carcinoma)cells,whereas knockdown of PGRN inhibited the proliferation and anti-apoptosis of A549(derived from lung adenocarcinoma)cells.Copanlisib(targeting PI3K)inhibited the increase in the expression of cell anti-apoptosis marker Bcl-2 induced by rhPGRN protein;the PI3K agonist 740 YeP partially reversed the decrease in Bcl-2 expression induced by PGRN deficiency in both A549 and H520 cells.PGRN increased the expression of Ki-67,PCNA,and Bcl-2 in vivo.PGRN inhibited cell apoptosis depending on the PI3K/Akt/Bcl-2 signaling axis;PGRN positivity correlated with lung adenocarcinoma.PGRN is a potential biomarker for the treatment and diagnosis of NSCLC,especially in lung adenocarcinoma.