Color and transparency-switchable semitransparent polymer solar cells towards smart windows

Semitransparent polymer solar cells(ST-PSCs)have attracted worldwide attention owing to unique superiority in multiple utilization of incident light However,the color of ST-PSCs is relatively uniform after fabrication,cannot be dynamically tuned in terms of application requirement.Herein,we demonstrate a high-efficiency ST-PSCs as a smart window,which can be reversibly switched on and off by a gasochromic tungsten trioxide/platinum(W03/Pt)back reflector layer.The ST-PSCs can be switchable between colored and bleached states with fast response speed of sub-second during hydrogen exposure.Meanwhile,the color and transparency-switching enable light trapping enhancement in long wavelength range,which can systematically improve power conversion efficiency(PCE).As a result,the ST-PSCs contribute a PCE of 10.2%and 9.1%as well as corresponding average visible transmission(AVT)of 25.4%and33.8%at colored state and bleached state,respectively,which can meet the visual aesthetics requirement well in building integrated photovoltaics.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first example for STPSCs that achieve both color-switching and light trapping.Furthermore,the smart windows facing to automobile sunroof are proposed to prove a practical application towards commercialization.We believe that smart windows with gasochromic functions can promise potential opportunities and directions for the future development of ST-PSCs.

A retrospective study of electroencephalography burst suppression in children undergoing general anesthesia

Importance:In children,anesthesia dosages are based on population pharmacokinetics and patient hemodynamics rather than patient-specific brain activity.Brain function is highly susceptible to the effects of anesthetics.Objective:The primary objective of this retrospective pilot study was to assess the prevalence of electroencephalography(EEG)burst suppression-a sign of deep anesthesia-in children undergoing general anesthesia.Methods:We analyzed EEG in patients aged 1-36 months who received sevoflurane or propofol as the primary anesthetic.Patient enrollment was stratified into two age groups:1-12 months and 13-36 months.Burst suppression(voltage≤5.0 mV,lasting>0.5 seconds)was characterized by occurrence over anesthesia time.Associations with patient demographics and anesthetics were determined.Results:In total,54 patients(33 males and 21 females)were included in the study[age 11.0(5.0-19.5)months;weight 9.2(6.5-11.0)kg].The total prevalence of burst suppression was 56%(30/54).Thirty-three percent of patients experienced burst suppression during the surgical phase.The greatest proportion of burst suppression occurred during the induction phase.More burst suppression event occurrences(18/30)were observed in the patient under sevoflurane anesthesia(P=0.024).Virtually all patients who received propofol boluses had burst suppression(P=0.033).More burst suppression occurred in patients with hypotension(P<0.001).During the surgical phase,a younger age was associated with more burst suppression(P=0.002).Interpretation:EEG burst suppression was associated with younger age,inhalation anesthetics,propofol bolus,and lower arterial pressure.