The Association between GLP-1 Receptor-Based Agonists and the Incidence of Asthma in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and/or Obesity:A Meta-Analysis

Objective Recent studies have indicated potential anti-inflammatory effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)on asthma,which is often comorbid with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and obesity.Therefore,we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between the administration of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)receptor-based agonists and the incidence of asthma in patients with T2DM and/or obesity.Methods PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,and Clinicaltrial.gov were systematically searched from inception to July 2023.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of GLP-1 receptor-based agonists(GLP-1RA,GLP-1 based dual and triple receptor agonist)with reports of asthma events were included.Outcomes were computed as risk ratios(RR)using a fixedeffects model.Results Overall,39 RCTs with a total of 85,755 participants were included.Compared to non-GLP-1 receptor-based agonist users,a trend of reduced risk of asthma was observed in patients with T2DM or obesity using GLP-1 receptor-based agonist treatments,although the difference was not statistically significant[RR=0.91,95%confidence interval(CI):0.68 to 1.24].Further Subgroup analyses indicated that the use of light-molecular-weight GLP-1RAs might be associated with a reduced the risk of asthma when compared with non-users(RR=0.65,95%CI:0.43 to 0.99,P=0.043).We also performed sensitivity analyses for participant characteristics,study design,drug structure,duration of action,and drug subtypes.However,no significant associations were observed.Conclusion Compared with non-users,a modest reduction in the incidence of asthma was observed in patients with T2DM or obesity using GLP-1 receptor-based agonist treatments.Further investigations are warranted to assess the association between GLP-1 receptor-based agonists and the risk of asthma.

Radio frequency energy regulates the multi-scale structure,digestive and physicochemical properties of rice starch

Radio frequency (RF) heating as an emerging technology was applied to regulate the structural,digestive and physicochemical properties of rice starch.In vitro digestibility results showed that RF treatment enhanced the resistant starch content and reduced the rapidly digestible starch content of rice starch,resulting in higher resistant to enzyme hydrolysis.Microstructure analysis indicated that RF treatment caused the granular surface erosions and morphology changes with increasing treatment time.RF treatment did not alter the A-type crystal form of starch,but disrupted the relative crystallinity,short-range molecular order,and lamellar structure in different degrees.Moreover,the DSC results suggested that starch orders with a higher thermal stability formed after RF treatment,thereby reducing the accessibility of starch granules to the enzyme.Furthermore,rapid viscosity analysis revealed that RF treatment significantly reduced the peak viscosity and breakdown of indica and japonica rice starch,while increased them in waxy rice starch.The rheological properties of rice starch were also changed after RF treatment.This work provides a theoretical basis for the application of RF technology in starch modification.