UV-B irradiation enhances the accumulation of beneficial glucosinolates induced by melatonin in Chinese kale sprout

Cruciferous sprout is a new form of vegetable product rich in bioactive compounds,especially glucosinolates.Previous studies have focused on increasing the accumulation of glucosinolates in cruciferous sprouts by applying different chemical regulators,with a particular focus on their contribution to nutritional quality and health benefits.Nevertheless,the effects of melatonin and UV-B irradiation on glucosinolate biosynthesis remain unclear.In this study,it was found that changes in melatonin concentrations significantly affected the contents of individual as well as total aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates.The 5μmol·L^(-1)melatonin was decided as the optimum concentration that could increase the content of beneficial glucosinolates including glucoraphanin and 4-methoxy glucobrassicin in Chinese kale sprouts.Notably,the enhancement of glucosinolate accumulation by melatonin treatment could be further amplified by UV-B irradiation.Furthermore,our results showed that R2R3-MYB transcription factor BoaMYB28 and BoaMYB51,which are central regulators of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis respectively,were both involved in the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis by melatonin and UV-B irradiation.Additionally,the expression of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes,including BoaCYP79F1,BoaCYP83A1,BoaSUR1,BoaUGT74B1,BoaCYP79B2,BoaCYP79B3,and BoaCYP83B1 participated in the formation of core structures and BoaFMOGS-OX5,BoaAOP2,BoaCYP81F2,and BoaIGMT1 involved in the sidechain modification of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate,was regulated by melatonin or UV-B irradiation.Taken together,these findings provide a potential strategy for improving the nutritional quality and resistance of Chinese kale sprouts.

Multi-task Learning of Semantic Segmentation and Height Estimation for Multi-modal Remote Sensing Images

Deep learning based methods have been successfully applied to semantic segmentation of optical remote sensing images.However,as more and more remote sensing data is available,it is a new challenge to comprehensively utilize multi-modal remote sensing data to break through the performance bottleneck of single-modal interpretation.In addition,semantic segmentation and height estimation in remote sensing data are two tasks with strong correlation,but existing methods usually study individual tasks separately,which leads to high computational resource overhead.To this end,we propose a Multi-Task learning framework for Multi-Modal remote sensing images(MM_MT).Specifically,we design a Cross-Modal Feature Fusion(CMFF)method,which aggregates complementary information of different modalities to improve the accuracy of semantic segmentation and height estimation.Besides,a dual-stream multi-task learning method is introduced for Joint Semantic Segmentation and Height Estimation(JSSHE),extracting common features in a shared network to save time and resources,and then learning task-specific features in two task branches.Experimental results on the public multi-modal remote sensing image dataset Potsdam show that compared to training two tasks independently,multi-task learning saves 20%of training time and achieves competitive performance with mIoU of 83.02%for semantic segmentation and accuracy of 95.26%for height estimation.

局部进展期胃癌新辅助治疗的现状与未来

胃癌是中国常见的恶性肿瘤之一。目前,手术切除是可以治愈胃癌的唯一方法,然而局部进展期胃癌(locally advanced gastric cancer,LAGC)患者单纯接受手术疗效较差,术后复发风险较高。新辅助治疗可使部分患者的肿瘤降期、提高R0切除率,降低局部及远处复发的风险,延长患者的生存期,现已成为LAGC治疗中的重要组成部分。随着新辅助治疗的不断发展,各类临床试验和新的治疗理念不断涌现,其治疗模式也从曾经单一的化疗,转变为新辅助放化疗、新辅助化疗联合靶向治疗、新辅助化疗联合免疫治疗等新型治疗模式。本文就LAGC的新辅助治疗进展及目前存在的争议进行综述。

Assessing Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 spectral-temporal features for mapping tree species of northern plantation forests in Heilongjiang Province,China

Background:Accurate mapping of tree species is highly desired in the management and research of plantation forests,whose ecosystem services are currently under threats.Time-series multispectral satellite images,e.g.,from Landsat-8(L8)and Sentinel-2(S2),have been proven useful in mapping general forest types,yet we do not know quantitatively how their spectral features(e.g.,red-edge)and temporal frequency of data acquisitions(e.g.,16-day vs.5-day)contribute to plantation forest mapping to the species level.Moreover,it is unclear to what extent the fusion of L8 and S2 will result in improvements in tree species mapping of northern plantation forests in China.Methods:We designed three sets of classification experiments(i.e.,single-date,multi-date,and spectral-temporal)to evaluate the performances of L8 and S2 data for mapping keystone timber tree species in northern China.We first used seven pairs of L8 and S2 images to evaluate the performances of L8 and S2 key spectral features for separating these tree species across key growing stages.Then we extracted the spectral-temporal features from all available images of different temporal frequency of data acquisition(i.e.,L8 time series,S2 time series,and fusion of L8 and S2)to assess the contribution of image temporal frequency on the accuracy of tree species mapping in the study area.Results:1)S2 outperformed L8 images in all classification experiments,with or without the red edge bands(0.4%–3.4%and 0.2%–4.4%higher for overall accuracy and macro-F1,respectively);2)NDTI(the ratio of SWIR1 minus SWIR2 to SWIR1 plus SWIR2)and Tasseled Cap coefficients were most important features in all the classifications,and for time-series experiments,the spectral-temporal features of red band-related vegetation indices were most useful;3)increasing the temporal frequency of data acquisition can improve overall accuracy of tree species mapping for up to 3.2%(from 90.1%using single-date imagery to 93.3%using S2 time-series),yet similar overall accuracies were achieved using S2 time-series(93.3%)and the fusion of S2 and L8(93.2%).Conclusions:This study quantifies the contributions of L8 and S2 spectral and temporal features in mapping keystone tree species of northern plantation forests in China and suggests that for mapping tree species in China's northern plantation forests,the effects of increasing the temporal frequency of data acquisition could saturate quickly after using only two images from key phenological stages.

水驱油藏开发效果评价指标综述

为深刻了解水驱油藏目前开发条件下的实际开发状况,进而对油田生产提出指导,阶段性的对油藏开发效果进行评价就显得十分重要。开发评价指标是整个评价的基础,主要包括:水驱储量控制程度、水驱储量动用程度、可采储量、采收率、能量的保持和利用程度、含水率与含水上升率、存水率、注水量、年产油量综合递减率。

The Analysis of Using MGGH in Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) System in Cement Plant

The paper first introduces the background and the mechanism of secondary pollution from desulfurization in cement plant. Then, take plant A as an example, using MGGH (media gas-gas heater) to control “white smoke”. MGGH uses heat medium water to heat transfer between the original flue gas and the clean flue gas, without additional heat source, and has obvious economic benefits, which is the inevitable development direction of desulfurization reform of cement kiln system in the future.

Optical System Design of Telescope Based on Mixed Modulation Diffractive Lens

Using of diffractive optical elements (DOE) in the Schupmann system offer a new way for the construction of ultra-large aperture telescope. The Fresnel Corrector, one of the DOEs, is the key device in the Schupmann system, which is used to correct the chromatic aberration introduced by the diffractive primary lens called Magnifying Glass. Generally, in a large aperture telescope (>20 m), the Fresnel Corrector is a diffractive lens with a large aperture and a small f-number, which is difficult to process. In this article, an improved device with a small F number but a large rim feature size, called amplitude and phase hybrid modulation Fresnel diffractive optical element (APHMFDOE), is used here as the Fresnel corrector. First, APHMFDOE with appropriate parameters is designed to match the dispersion of the Magnifying Glass so that the system meets the achromatic condition. Second, the optical characteristics of this improved system are simulated and compared with those of the general system based on the conventional Fresnel corrector. Our approach introduces a new dispersion correction device, which not only can eliminate the chromatic aberration caused by Magnifying Glass, but also can reduce the processing difficulty of Fresnel Corrector.

Use of the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity and Mayo endoscopic score for predicting the therapeutic effect of mesalazine in patients with ulcerative colitis

Objective:The ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity(UCEIS)and the Mayo endoscopic score(MES)are developed as objective methods of evaluating endoscopic severity in patients with ulcerative colitis(UC).The aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the UCEIS and MES in predicting the patient's response to mesalazine.Methods:Consecutive patients with UC who had undergone colonoscopy within 1 month before starting mesalazine between October 2011 and July 2016 were retrospectively collected at the Department of Gastroenterology,Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine.The median follow-up was 81 months,and all the data were analyzed in January 2021.The primary outcome was the need for step-up treatment,which included the use of corticosteroids,immunomodulatory,or surgery during admission and follow-up.Data were analyzed using the c2 or Fisher exact test,Spearman test,t-test,and ManneWhitney U test.Results:Totally,65 patients were enrolled,of whom 12(18.5%)needed step-up treatment due to nonresponse to mesalazine.The UCEIS score,MES,and the ulcerative colitis disease activity index(UCDAI)score were significantly higher in patients who had nonresponse to mesalazine(UCEIS score:6.92±0.69 vs.4.45±1.17,p<0.001;MES:2.67±0.49 vs.2.15±0.69,p=0.024;UCDAI score:9.33±1.87 vs.6.70±2.38,p=0.002).In the multivariate analysis,the UCEIS score(OR=25.65,95%CI:3.048 e45.985,p=0.003),UCDAI score(OR=1.605,95%CI:1.144e2.254,p=0.006),and C-reactive protein level(OR=1.056,95%CI:1.006e1.108,p=0.026)were independent risk factors of nonresponse.The area under the ROC curve of UCEIS was 0.95,with a sensitivity of 100%and specificity of 84.6%,a cut-off value of 6,which outperformed the MES with an area under the ROC curve of 0.70.When the UCEIS score≥6,60%of patients eventually needed step-up treatment.Conclusions:The UCEIS is a useful instrument for predicting the therapeutic effect in patients with UC treated with mesalazine.The high probability of mesalazine treatment failure and benefits of other therapies should be discussed in patients with baseline UCEIS score≥6.

Recent progress of diversiform humidity sensors based on versatile nanomaterials and their prospective applications

Humidity sensors are of significance in various fields,such as environmental and food quality monitoring,industrial processing,wearable and flexible electronics,and human health care.High-performance humidity sensors with high sensitivity,rapid response time,and good stability are of paramount importance in humidity sensing.In this paper,diversiform humidity sensors with different sensing mechanisms are summarized,including resistive,impedance,capacitive,quartz crystal microbalance(QCM),surface acoustic wave(SAW),field-effect transistor(FET),and optical fiber humidity sensors.Versatile nanomaterials such as graphene,transition-metal chalcogenide,MXenes,black phosphorus(BP),boron nitride(BN),polymers,and nanofibers were promising building-blocks for constructing humidity sensors.The latest progress in the wearable and flexible humidity sensors,and self-powered humidity sensors was summarized.The diversiform applications of the humidity sensors with great prospects were demonstrated in various fields in terms of human respiratory monitoring,skin dryness diagnosing,fingertip approaching,and non-contact switch.Moreover,the challenges and prospects of nanomaterials-based humidity sensors were discussed.

The brassinosteroid signaling component SlBZR1 promotes tomato fruit ripening and carotenoid accumulation

The plant hormone ethylene is essential for climacteric fruit ripening, although it is unclear how other phytohormones and their interactions with ethylene might affect fruit ripening. Here, we explored how brassinosteroids(BRs) regulate fruit ripening in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) and how they interact with ethylene. Exogenous BR treatment and increased endogenous BR contents in tomato plants overexpressing the BR biosynthetic gene SlCYP90B3promoted ethylene production and fruit ripening.Genetic analysis indicated that the BR signaling regulators Brassinazole-resistant1(SlBZR1) and BRI1-EMS-suppressor1(SlBES1) act redundantly in fruit softening. Knocking out Sl BZR1 inhibited ripening through transcriptome reprogramming at the onset of ripening. Combined transcriptome deep sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing identified 73 Sl BZR1-repressed targets and 203 Sl BZR1-induced targets involving major ripening-related genes, suggesting that Sl BZR1 positively regulates tomato fruit ripening.Sl BZR1 directly targeted several ethylene and carotenoid biosynthetic genes to contribute to the ethylene burst and carotenoid accumulation to ensure normal ripening and quality formation. Furthermore,knock-out of Brassinosteroid-insensitive2(Sl BIN2),a negative regulator of BR signaling upstream of Sl BZR1, promoted fruit ripening and carotenoid accumulation. Taken together, our results highlight the role of Sl BZR1 as a master regulator of tomato fruit ripening with potential for tomato quality improvement and carotenoid biofortification.

Brassinosteroids fine-tune secondary and primary sulfur metabolism through BZR1-mediated transcriptional regulation

For adaptation to ever-changing environments,plants have evolved elaborate metabolic systems coupled to a regulatory network for optimal growth and defense. Regulation of plant secondary metabolic pathways such as glucosinolates(GSLs) by defense phytohormones in response to different stresses and nutrient deficiency has been intensively investigated, while how growth-promoting hormone balances plant secondary and primary metabolism has been largely unexplored. Here, we found that growth-promoting hormone brassinosteroid(BR) inhibits GSLs accumulation while enhancing biosynthesis of primary sulfur metabolites, including cysteine(Cys) and glutathione(GSH) both in Arabidopsis and Brassica crops, fine-tuning secondary and primary sulfur metabolism to promote plant growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that of BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1(BZR1), the central component of BR signaling, exerts distinct transcriptional inhibition regulation on indolic and aliphatic GSL via direct MYB51 dependent repression of indolic GSL biosynthesis, while exerting partial MYB29 dependent repression of aliphatic GSL biosynthesis. Additionally, BZR1 directly activates the transcription of APR1 and APR2 which encodes rate-limiting enzyme adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate reductases in the primary sulfur metabolic pathway.In summary, our findings indicate that BR inhibits the biosynthesis of GSLs to prioritize sulfur usage for primary metabolites under normal growth conditions.These findings expand our understanding of BR promoting plant growth from a metabolism perspective.

The prevalence and distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes

Choosing the appropriate antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has grown more challenging as a result of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Aminoglycosides,as broad-spectrum antibiotics,are increasingly being used clinically;however,for most effective employment of aminoglycosides,a comprehensive understanding of aminoglycoside resistance genes’prevalence and dissemination is required.Therefore,to better understand the global resistance status of aminoglycoside antibiotics and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs)in various bacterial species,this systematic review gathered relevant data from multiple studies.Two primary resistance mechanisms-aminoglycoside enzymatic modification and 16S rRNA methylation-were assessed,and the prevalence of the corresponding ARGs was described.The coexistence of aminoglycoside ARGs with other ARGs was also demonstrated,as was the relationship between aminoglycoside ARGs and resistant phenotypes.The lack of effective therapeutic agents to combat resistant pathogens presents a real threat to public health.The combination of aminoglycosides with other antibiotics may provide a novel treatment strategy.

“酉芯一号”在地方鸡遗传多样性和结构分析中的应用效力研究

我国地方鸡品种资源丰富,且在长期的选择进化过程中形成了各异的种质特性。科学评估群体遗传多样性,明确品种间遗传结构,对地方鸡品种资源的保护与创新利用具有重要价值。为了评估23K SNP芯片“酉芯一号”在地方鸡遗传多样性和遗传结构分析中的应用效力,本文利用RADseq鉴定21个地方鸡种基因组遗传变异,并研发23K芯片“酉芯一号”。基于两组SNP数据集计算各品种的遗传统计量,开展相关性、拟合及系统发育分析,以评估芯片的应用效力。结果表明,基于两组SNP数据集计算的观察杂合度(Ho)、多态信息含量(PIC)、近交系数(F_(ROH))和遗传分化系数(F_(st)),在21个地方鸡种中趋势基本一致。琅琊鸡(LA)、瓢鸡(PJ)、文昌鸡(WC)的遗传多样性较为丰富;边鸡(BJ)、狼山鸡(LS)、固始鸡(GS)、东乡绿壳蛋鸡(DX)和北京油鸡(BY)的遗传多样性相对匮乏,两组Ho、PIC、F_(ROH)和平均Fst的相关系数分别为0.794、0.901、0.926和0.984,均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),且拟合度较高(P<0.001),R^(2)分别为0.644、0.827、0.916和0.927。针对两组SNP数据集,采用邻接法(NJ)和极大似然法(ML)构建的进化树较为合理,将21个地方鸡种总体上分为6大类,与品种的形成历史和地理分布相吻合;23K芯片对5个新增品种亦实现有效聚类,没有出现个体偏离。利用不同密度的SNP估算遗传统计量会存在一定差异,需要进行数据和分析方法的标准化,23K芯片在地方鸡遗传多样性和结构分析中具有较好的效力。

OPD-ScanⅢ自动验光与非睫状肌麻痹下主觉验光的比较

目的:比较OPD-ScanⅢ在明光和暗光下自动验光与非睫状肌麻痹下主觉验光的相关性和差异性。方法:系列病例研究。于2018年7月收集苏州大学附属理想眼科医院就诊的屈光不正患者102例(204眼),所有患者分别用OPD-ScanⅢ进行自动验光,综合验光仪进行主觉验光。对这2种方法测量结果的球镜度(S)、柱镜度(C)、等效球镜度(SE)、180°和90°轴位的Jackson交叉柱镜值(J0),135°和45°轴位的Jackson交叉柱镜值(J45)进行统计分析与比较。2种仪器所测得数据的差异性比较采用配对t检验,2种仪器所测得数据的相关性采用Pearson相关性分析。结果:OPD-ScanⅢ在明光下测得S、C、SE、J0、J45与主觉验光的结果均呈正相关(r=0.797、0.877、0.806、0.918、0.623,均P<0.001)。OPD-ScanⅢ在明光下测得S、C、SE和J45较主觉验光的测量结果分别高-0.33、-0.08、-0.37、0.04 D,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.232、3.058、4.741、-2.342,均P<0.05),J0与主觉验光差异无统计学意义。OPD-ScanⅢ在暗光下测得S、C、SE、J0及J45与主觉验光的结果均呈正相关(r=0.877、0.629、0.894、0.753、0.466,均P<0.001)。OPD-ScanⅢ在暗光下测得S、C和SE较主觉验光的测量结果分别高-0.57、-0.41、-0.77 D,差异有统计学意义(t=8.864、8.777、3.263,均P<0.001),J0、J45与主觉验光差异均无统计学意义。结论:OPD-ScanⅢ在明光和暗光下自动验光与非睫状肌麻痹下主觉验光度数的相关性及差异性均有统计学意义。但OPD-ScanⅢ在明光下自动验光的结果与主觉验光的差值较小,临床可接受。

Fabrication and packaging for high-Q CaF2 crystalline resonators with modal modification

In this Letter, we demonstrate high-quality(Q), millimeter-size, and V-shaped calcium fluoride crystalline resonators for modal modification. To manufacture such resonators, we develop a home-made machining system and explore a detailed process. With a dedicated polished container, three special polishing steps, including grinding, smoothing, and polishing, are employed to achieve the required surface smoothness, which is characterized by less than 3 nm. An ultra-high-Q factor exceeding 108 is obtained by a coupled tapered fiber.In addition, a customized packaged structure for our disk resonator is achieved. The Q maintenance and stable spectrum are realized by sealing the coupling system in a hard disk. The simple, stable, portable, controlled, and integratable device would provide great potential in optical filters, sensors, nonlinear optics, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and especially some applications that require large resonators such as gyroscopes.

WRKY33-mediated indolic glucosinolate metabolic pathway confers resistance against Alternaria brassicicola in Arabidopsis and Brassica crops

The tryptophan(Trp)-derived plant secondary metabolites,including camalexin,4-hydroxyindole-3-carbonylnitrile,and indolic glucosinolate(IGS),show broad-spectrum antifungal activity.However,the distinct regulations of these metabolic pathways among different plant species in response to fungus infection are rarely studied.In this study,our results revealed that WRKY33 directly regulates IGS biosynthesis,notably the production of 4-methoxyindole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate(4MI3G),conferring resistance to Alternaria brassicicola,an important pathogen which causes black spot in Brassica crops.WRKY33 directly activates the expression of CYP81F2,IGMT1,and IGMT2 to drive sidechain modification of indole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate(I3G)to 4MI3G,in both Arabidopsis and Chinese kale(Brassica oleracea var.alboglabra Bailey).However,Chinese kale showed a more severe symptom than Arabidopsis when infected by Alternaria brassicicola.Comparative analyses of the origin and evolution of Trp metabolism indicate that the loss of camalexin biosynthesis in Brassica crops during evolution might attenuate the resistance of crops to Alternaria brassicicola.As a result,the IGS metabolic pathway mediated by WRKY33 becomes essential for Chinese kale to deter Alternaria brassicicola.Our results highlight the differential regulation of Trp-derived camalexin and IGS biosynthetic pathways in plant immunity between Arabidopsis and Brassica crops.

Cholera Caused by a New Clone of Serogroup O1 Vibrio cholerae-Beijing Municipality,China,June 2021

Several lineages have been identified in the population of serogroup O1 Vibrio cholerae(V.cholerae)(1-3).The strains,which were responsible for the ongoing seventh cholera pandemic,were in Lineage 2.Nearly all the V.cholerae strains in this lineage carried genes coding cholera toxin(ctxAB)(1-2).Lineage 3b consists of strains isolated from different continents and the vast majority of strains in this lineage lack the ctxAB genes.

Contribution of plant traits to the explanation of temporal variations in carbon and water fluxes in semiarid grassland patches

准确预测异质性景观碳水通量的时空变化,对于综合理解气候变化和植被动态对景观和区域碳水循环的影响至关重要。本研究通过野外观测试验来探究草地斑块碳水通量的季节变化及其与非生物和生物因子之间的关系。在生长季通过密闭同化箱法测定了三个类型草地斑块的日间碳水通量(包括生态系统净交换、总生态系统生产力、生态系统呼吸和蒸散发),同时测定了关键植物性状指标,并计算性状加权平均值和功能分异度。研究结果表明,碳水通量的时间变化受气象因子、土壤因子和群落功能性状的影响。考虑植物功能性状加权平均值和功能分异度可以极大地提高景观尺度碳水通量变异的解释度。比叶面积和叶片δ^(13)C含量是影响气体通量变化的重要性状指标。群落加权平均值对碳通量的预测能力优于功能分异度,而功能分异度对蒸散发的解释度更高。我们的研究结果表明,生物量比假说和互补效应假说互不排斥,但两者对不同的生态系统过程的相对重要性不同,群落功能性状对半干旱草地碳水通量时空变化的机理解释和模型预测具有重要作用。