Assessment of genetic variation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) inbred lines using SSR molecular markers

A study was conducted to determine the genetic diversity of 39 determinate and indeterminate tomato inbred lines collected from China, Japan, S. Korea, and USA. Using 35 SSR polymorphic markers, a total of 150 alleles were found with moderate levels of diversity, and a high number of unique alleles existing in these tomato lines. The mean number of alleles per locus was 4.3 and the average polymorphism information content （PIC） was 0.31. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean （UPGMA） clustering at genetic similarity value of 0.85 grouped the inbred lines into four groups, where one USA cultivar formed a separate and more distant cluster. The most similar inbred lines are from USA, both with determinate type, whereas the most different lines are from USA （Us-16） and Japan （Ja-2） with determinate and indeterminate growth habit, respectively. Clustering was consistent with the known information regarding geographical location and growth habit. The genetic distance information reported in this study might be used by breeders when planning future crosses among these inbred lines.

Urban residents'behavioral response to climate change and its influencing factors:A case study of Tianjin,China

Climate change is a global issue that poses a significant risk to the global economy and therefore warrants coordinated collective action.Employing a questionnaire survey in China,this study presents urban residents'behavioral response to climate change and its influencing factors.The results indicated that urban residents in Tianjin often took low-cost,intuitive,and quickly implementable actions,namely behavioral coping responses.Proactive adaptive behavior was also evident,which involved greater financial investment.Furthermore,according to regression analysis results of urban residents'behavior and its influencing factors,knowledge of climate change manifested a positive correlation with urban residents'behavioral coping response.In contrast,cost manifested a negative correlation with urban residents'proactive adaptive behavior,which was a more complex,costly,and challenging anticipatory action.Knowledge of climate change manifested a positive correlation with both behavioral coping response and proactive adaptive behavior.Finally,recommendations for encouraging beneficial behaviors among urban residents are suggested.

Chief Physician Defen Wang’s Clinical Experience in Dialectical Treatment with Mediation Method of Perimenopausal Sweating

The objective of this paper is to outline Chief Physician Defen Wang’s clinical experience in perimenopausal sweating syndrome differentiation and treatment,to inherit Mr.Gao’s academic concept of mediation technique,and to integrate multiple prescriptions under Mr.Gao’s thinking.The deficiency is based on the deficiency of liver and kidney Yin,the weakness of spleen and stomach,and the standard is the imbalance of Ying and Wei,the imbalance of Qi,blood and body fluid,and the main method of treatment is nourishing liver and kidney,soothing liver and invigorating spleen,regulating Ying and Wei,as well as tonifying Qi and absorbing fluid.

Chief Physician Wang Defen’s Experience in Treating Thyroid Nodules based on Syndrome Differentiation

To summarize the experience of Chief Physician Wang Defen in the treatment of thyroid nodules.According to many years of clinical experience,Chief Physician Wang Defen believes that the occurrence of thyroid nodules is mostly affected by emotional factors.Qi stagnation,liver depression and fire,phlegm and Qi are the pathogenesis of the disease,which is closely related to liver Qi stagnation.Based on the basic treatment principle of Nourishing Yin,clearing heat,soothing liver and strengthening spleen,the prescription chose Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder plus or minus can often achieve good clinical efficacy.

Cynaroside regulates the AMPK/SIRT3/Nrf2 pathway to inhibit doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis

Doxorubicin(DOX)is a commonly administered chemotherapy drug for treating hematological malignancies and solid tumors;however,its clinical application is limited by significant cardiotoxicity.Cynaroside(Cyn)is a flavonoid glycoside distributed in honeysuckle,with confirmed potential biological functions in regulating inflammation,pyroptosis,and oxidative stress.Herein,the effects of Cyn were evaluated in a DOX-induced cardiotoxicity(DIC)mouse model,which was established by intraperitoneal injections of DOX(5 mg/kg)once a week for three weeks.The mice in the treatment group received dexrazoxane,MCC950,and Cyn every two days.Blood biochemistry,histopathology,immunohistochemistry,reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR),and western blotting were conducted to investigate the cardioprotective effects and potential mechanisms of Cyn treatment.The results demonstrated the significant benefits of Cyn treatment in mitigating DIC;it could effectively alleviate oxidative stress to a certain extent,maintain the equilibrium of cell apoptosis,and enhance the cardiac function of mice.These effects were realized via regulating the transcription levels of pyroptosis-related genes,such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),caspase-1,and gasdermin D(GSDMD).Mechanistically,for DOX-induced myocardial injury,Cyn could significantly modulate the expression of pivotal genes,including adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγcoactivator-1α(PGC-1α),sirtuin 3(SIRT3),and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2).We attribute it to the mediation of AMPK/SIRT3/Nrf2 pathway,which plays a central role in preventing DOX-induced cardiomyocyte injury.In conclusion,the present study confirms the therapeutic potential of Cyn in DIC by regulating the AMPK/SIRT3/Nrf2 pathway.

Long-term Efficacy of Pulmonary Artery Desnervation Treatment in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction:A Subgroup Analysis of 3-year Results From the PADN-5 Study

Objective:The Pulmonary Arterial Denervation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With the Left Heart Failure(PADN-5)study proved that pulmonary artery denervation(PADN)is associated with significant improvements in hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with combined pre-and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension(CpcPH).This study aimed to assess the 3-year clinical results of PADN in patients who had heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF)developing into CpcPH(HFpEF-CpcPH).Methods:In this post hoc analysis of the PADN-5 trial,38 patients with HFpEF were included in screening out of 98 patients with CpcPH who were randomly assigned to treatment with sildenafil and sham PADN(sham PADN(plus sildenafil)group,abbreviated as sham group)or PADN(PADN group).HFpEF in the PADN-5 trial was defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction≥50%,and CpcPH was defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure≥25 mmHg,a pulmonary arterial wedge pressure>15 mmHg,and a pulmonary vascular resistance>3.0 WU.The changes in the 6-minute walk distance(6-MWD)and the plasma concentration of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)at 6-month and 3-year follow-up,as well as the clinical endpoint of the occurrence of clinical worsening,defined as cardiopulmonary-related death,rehospitalization,or heart or lung transplantation at 3-year follow-up were examined.Results:Thirty-eight patients with HFpEF-CpcPH were assigned to the PADN group(n=19)or the sham group(n=19).At the 6-month follow-up,6-MWD(433(275,580)m vs.342(161,552)m),and reductions in NT-proBNP(−47%(−99%,331%)vs.−12%(−82%,54%))were significantly improved in the PADN group(all P<0.05).Over the 3-year follow-up period,PADN treatment resulted in marked increases in 6-MWD(450(186,510)m vs.348(135,435)m)and reductions in NT-proBNP(−55%(−99%,38%)vs.−10%(−80%,95%))(all P<0.05).Clinical worsening was experienced by 12 patients(63%)in the sham group,but by only 5 patients(26%)in the PADN group(hazard ratio=0.149,95%confidence interval:0.038–0.584,P=0.006).The 6-MWD and PADN treatments were independent predictors of clinical deterioration in patients with HFpEF-CpcPH.Conclusions:PADN therapy is associated with improvements in exercise capacity and clinical outcomes.PADN therapy may have a potential role in patients with HFpEF-CpcPH for whom current treatment options are limited.

Current complementary and alternative therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)is a widely prevalent gastrointestinal disorder,affecting13.3%of the global population.There are shortages and limitations of current GERD treatment modalities,and complementary and alternative therapy(CAT)is a promising option to fill in the gap.Dietary and lifestyle modifications might play an important and complementary role in alleviating GERD symptoms.Traditional Chinese medicine and brain–gut behavior therapy,particularly transcutaneous electrical acustimulation and diaphragmatic breathing therapy were shown to be useful adjuncts or alternatives in treating GERD.CAT may help to relieve GERD symptoms,minimize medication dosage,and slow the demand for surgery.The aim of this review was to summarize the existing evidence of some common CATs in treating symptomatic GERD,including dietary modification,lifestyle change,traditional Chinese medicine,and brain–gut behavior therapy.

Clinical relevance of salivary pepsin detection in diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease subtypes

Background:Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)is heterogeneous with a varied symptom spectrum and reflux profiles.Its definite diagnosis often requires invasive tools including endoscopy or reflux monitoring.The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of salivary pepsin detection as a non-invasive screening tool to diagnose GERD of different subtypes.Methods:A total of 77 patients with suspected GERD symptoms and 12 asymptomatic controls were analysed.All participants performed symptom evaluation,upper endoscopy,esophageal manometry,and 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance-dual pH probe monitoring.Saliva was self-collected across three different time points:at early fasting,postprandially,and at symptom occurrence.Salivary pepsin levels were measured via Peptest.The optimal threshold of salivary pepsin for diagnosing distal or proximal reflux was determined according to a receiver-operating characteristic curve.Results:The average salivary pepsin concentration of suspected GERD patients was significantly higher than that of controls(100.63[68.46,141.38]vs 67.90[31.60,115.06]ng/mL,P=0.044),although no difference was found among patients with different symptom spectrums.The distal reflux group had a higher average pepsin concentration than non-reflux patients(170.54[106.31,262.76]vs 91.13[63.35,127.63]ng/mL,P=0.043),while no difference was observed between the distal reflux group and the proximal reflux group.The optimal cut-off value of salivary pepsin concentration for diagnosing pathological distal reflux was 157.10 ng/mL,which was higher than that for diagnosing pathological proximal reflux(122.65 ng/mL).The salivary pepsin concentration was significantly correlated with distal and proximal reflux parameters.Conclusions:Salivary pepsin measurement can help in identifying true GERD with pathological distal reflux or proximal reflux,regardless of different symptom spectrums.A higher threshold should be applied for diagnosing distal reflux than for proximal reflux.

The molecular pathogenesis of achalasia:a paired lower esophageal sphincter muscle and serum 4D label-free proteomic study

Background:Achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder with potential molecular pathogenesis remaining uncertain.This study aimed to identify the differentially expressed proteins and potential pathways among achalasia subtypes and controls to further reveal the molecular pathogenesis of achalasia.Methods:Paired lower esophageal sphincter(LES)muscle and serum samples from 24 achalasia patients were collected.We also collected 10 normal serum samples from healthy controls and 10 normal LES muscle samples from esophageal cancer patients.The 4D label-free proteomic analysis was performed to identify the potential proteins and pathways involved in achalasia.Results:Analysis of Similarities showed distinct proteomic patterns of serum and muscle samples between achalasia patients and controls(both P<0.05).Functional enrichment analysis suggested that these differentially expressed proteins were immunity-,infection-,inflammation-,and neurodegeneration-associated.The mfuzz analysis in LES specimens showed that proteins involved in the extracellular matrix–receptor interaction increased sequentially between the control group,type III,type II,and type I achalasia.Only 26 proteins altered in the same directions in serum and muscle samples.Conclusions:This first 4D label-free proteomic study of achalasia indicated that there were specific protein alterations in both the serum and muscle of achalasia,involving immunity,inflammation,infection,and neurodegeneration pathways.Distinct protein clusters between types I,II,and III revealed the potential molecular pathways associated with different disease stages.Analysis of proteins changed in both muscle and serum samples highlighted the importance of further studies on LES muscle and revealed potential autoantibodies.

胎儿小脑表面叶裂的产前超声研究

目的研究正常胎儿小脑表面叶裂随孕周的变化规律并建立孕16~32周正常胎儿小脑叶裂数目参考值。方法选取2019年6月至2020年12月在南方医科大学附属深圳妇幼保健院行产前超声检查无结构异常的644名妊娠12~32周的单胎孕妇,按孕周分为2个时间段观察:孕12~15周为阶段1,孕16~32周为阶段2,在二维图像上观察原裂、水平裂的显示情况并计数孕16~32周小脑原裂之前、原裂与水平裂之间、水平裂之后的叶裂数目及总数目,并分析其形态变化。随机抽取40名阶段2胎儿行叶裂数目两测量者间的组内相关系数(ICC)分析;建立阶段2胎儿小脑叶裂数目的参考值范围,采用Spearman相关行叶裂数目与孕周的相关性分析并建立拟合方程。结果叶裂数目的计数两观察者之间的重复性检验一致性较好(ICC=0.969,P<0.001)。各散点图显示正常胎儿小脑原裂之前、原裂与水平裂之间、水平裂之后叶裂数目及总数目与孕周呈正相关(r=0.863、0.698、0.831、0.932,P均<0.001)。建立了各区域叶裂数目及总数目与孕周的二次多项式回归方程,原裂之前、原裂与水平裂之间、水平裂之后叶裂数以及总数目与孕周的回归方程分别为:Y=0.974X-0.014X^(2)-12.65,Y=0.362X-0.005X^(2)-4.843,Y=-0.125X+0.006X^(2)+0.285,Y=1.800X-0.024X^(2)-22.904。结论利用产前超声可以较好地观察胎儿小脑表面叶裂并对其发育情况作出初步评估。胎儿小脑表面叶裂数目的正常参考值以及形态变化规律能为产前超声评估小脑皮质发育作出参考。

Recent advances of SiO_(x)-based anodes for sustainable lithium-ion batteries

The world is facing an ever-growing global energy crisis with unprecedented depth and complexity.The sustainable development of high energy density lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and portable electric devices has become a feasible way to deal with this problem.Silicon suboxides(SiO_(x))have been deemed as one of the most promising anode materials because of their ultrahigh theoretical lithium storage capacity,proper working potential,natural abundance,and environmental friendliness.However,the mass utilization of SiO_(x)-based anodes is severely obstructed by their low electrical conductivity and inevitable volume expansion.While lithium silicate and lithium oxide formed in the first lithiation process act as buffer layers to some extent,it is urgent to address the accompanying low initial Coulombic efficiency and unsatisfactory cycling stability.In this review,we summarized recent advances in the synthesis methods of SiO_(x)-based materials.Besides,the benefits and shortcomings of the various methods are briefly concluded.Then,we discussed the effective combination of SiO_(x) with carbon materials and designs of porous structure,which could considerably enhance the electrochemical performance in detail.Furthermore,progresses on the modified strategies,advanced characteristics and industrial applications for SiO_(x)-based anodes are also mentioned.Finally,the remaining challenges encountered and future perspectives on SiO_(x)-based anodes are highlighted.

2020中国超声甲状腺影像报告和数据系统在甲状腺结节鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的评估中国超声甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(C-TIRADS)在甲状腺结节鉴别诊断中的应用价值,并与Kwak等提出的超声甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(TIRADS)(K-TIRADS)、美国放射学会提出的TIRADS(ACR-TIRADS)比较。方法回顾性收集2018年1月至2020年11月济宁医学院附属医院甲状腺外科1750例患者的2029个甲状腺结节的资料,其中男328例,女1422例,年龄6~86(47±12)岁。以结节为统计学单位,按结节大小分为≤1.0 cm结节组(997个)和>1.0 cm结节组(1032个)。通过3种TIRADS分别对所有结节进行恶性风险分层并预测良恶性。以病理结果为参考标准,构建受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析并比较3种TIRADS鉴别诊断甲状腺结节的价值。结果根据ROC曲线分析,C-TIRADS、K-TIRADS、ACR-TIRADS在两组结节中的最佳诊断点分别为4A、4b、4。对于恶性结节的诊断,在≤1.0 cm组和>1.0 cm组,C-TIRADS的曲线下面积(AUC)值分别为0.772、0.892,显著高于K-TIRADS(0.762、0.869)和ACR-TIRADS(0.735、0.832)(P<0.05)。C-TIRADS的灵敏度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为94.99%、59.41%、86.46%、88.13%、78.89%(≤1.0 cm结节组)和88.34%、90.05%、89.34%、86.33%、91.57%(>1.0 cm结节组),3种TIRADS中,C-TIRADS在两组结节中的灵敏度、准确性和阴性预测值均最高。结论3种TIRADS均具有较高的诊断价值,C-TIRADS的整体效能最佳,可有效地辅助临床医生做出管理意见,值得在临床中推广应用。

Quantification of multi-antibiotic resistant opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in bioaerosols in and around a pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant

Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants（WWTPs） are thought to be a ＂seedbed＂ and reservoirs for multi-antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria which can be transmitted to the air environment through aeration. We quantified airborne multi-antibiotic resistance in a full-scale plant to treat antibiotics-producing wastewater by collecting bioaerosol samples from December2014 to July 2015. Gram-negative opportunistic pathogenic bacteria（GNOPB） were isolated, and antibiotic susceptibility tests against 18 commonly used antibiotics, including 11 β-lactam antibiotics, 3 aminoglycosides, 2 fluoroquinolones, 1 furan and 1 sulfonamide, were conducted.More than 45% of airborne bacteria isolated from the pharmaceutical WWTP were resistant to three or more antibiotics, and some opportunistic pathogenic strains were resistant to 16 antibiotics, whereas 45.3% and 50.3% of the strains isolated from residential community and municipal WWTP showed resistance to three or more antibiotics. The calculation of the multiple antibiotic resistance（MAR） index demonstrated that the air environment in the pharmaceutical WWTP was highly impacted by antibiotic resistance, while the residential community and municipal WWTP was less impacted by antibiotic resistance. In addition, we determined that the dominant genera of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria isolated from all bioaerosol samples were Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas. Collectively, these results indicate the proliferations and spread of antibiotic resistance through bioaerosols in WWTP treating cephalosporin-producing wastewater, which imposed a potential health risk for the staff and residents in the neighborhood, calling for administrative measures to minimize the air-transmission hazard.

siRNA-functionalized lanthanide nanoparticle enables efficient endosomal escape and cancer treatment

Attaching DNA/RNA to nanomaterials is the basis for nucleic acid-based assembly and drug delivery.Herein,we report that small interfering RNA(siRNA)effectively coordinates with ligand-free lanthanide nanoparticles(NaGdF4 NPs),and forms siRNA/NaGdF4 spherical nucleic acids(SNA).The coordination is primarily attributed to the interaction between Gd and phosphate backbone of the siRNA.Surprisingly,an efficient encapsulation and rapid endosomal escape of siRNA from the endosome/lysosome were achieved,due to its flexible ability to bound to phospholipid head of endosomal membrane,thereby disrupting the membrane structure.Resorting to the dual properties of NaGdF4 NPs,siRNA loading,and endosomal escape,siRNA targeting programmed cell death-ligand 1(siPD-L1)/NaGdF4 SNA triggers significant gene silencing in vitro and in vivo,and effectively represses the tumor growth in both CT26 tumor model and 4T1 orthotopic murine model.

Recent development of saturable absorbers for ultrafast lasers [Invited]

As one of the greatest inventions in the 20 th century, ultrafast lasers have offered new opportunities in the areas of basic scientific research and industrial manufacturing. Optical modulators are of great importance in ultrafast lasers, which directly affect the output laser performances. Over the past decades, significant efforts have been made in the development of compact, controllable, repeatable, as well as integratable optical modulators(i.e., saturable absorbers). In this paper, we review the fundamentals of the most widely studied saturable absorbers, including semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors and low-dimensional nanomaterials. Then, different fabrication technologies for saturable absorbers and their ultrafast laser applications in a wide wavelength range are illustrated. Furthermore, challenges and perspectives for the future development of saturable absorbers are discussed and presented. The development of ultrafast lasers together with the continuous exploration of reliable saturable absorbers will open up new directions for the mass production of the nextgeneration optoelectronic devices.

Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharides alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses against liver and lung injury

As a kind of well-known edible mushroom,the medicinal values of Agaricus blazei Murill also have been well acknowledged.There is no efficient treatment strategy for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) so far,a crucial cause of clinical death.The present work was designed to evaluate the beneficially protective effects of Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharides (ABMP) on liver and lung against zymosan (ZY)-induced MODS related damages.The MODS mice were successfully established by given one-time injection of zymosan solution (500 mg/kg) intraperitoneally.The in vivo results demonstrated that ABMP could improve the 10-day survival rate,ease abnormal physiological behavior and alleviate tissues oxidative stress in MODS mice.Besides,ABMP showed potential effects on attenuating the functional impairments of liver and lung.Meanwhile,ABMP effectively inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and reduced the expressions of inflammatory cytokines,including TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,COX-2 and PGE-2.Additionally,the structural characterizations showed that the significant function of ABMP was possibly related with the β-pyranose configuration with a triple-helical structure composing of glucose mainly with the proper molecular weights of 12.26 kDa.These findings demonstrated that ABMP exhibited potential protections against liver and lung damages in the ZY-induced MODS mice,providing more theoretical basis and reference significance for the exploration of biological activity of A.blazei Murill.

Heterogeneous integrated phase modulator based on two-dimensional layered materials

Silicon nitride,with ultralow propagation loss and a wide transparency window,offers an exciting platform to explore integrated photonic devices for various emerging applications.It is appealing to combine the intrinsic optical properties of two-dimensional layered materials with high-quality optical waveguides and resonators to achieve functional devices in a single chip.Here we demonstrate a micro-ring resonator-based phase modulator integrated with few-layer MoS_(2).The ionic liquid is employed directly on the surface of MoS_(2) to form a capacitor configuration.The effective index of the composite MoS_(2)–SiN waveguide can be modulated via adjusting bias voltages to achieve different charged doping induced electro-refractive responses in MoS_(2) film.The maximum effective index modulation of the composite MoS_(2)–SiN waveguide can be achieved to 0.45×10^(−3).The phase tuning efficiency is measured to be 29.42 pm/V,corresponding to a V_(π)L of 0.69 V·cm.Since the micro-ring resonator is designed near the critical coupling regime,the coupling condition between the bus waveguide and micro-ring resonator can also be engineered from under-coupling to over-coupling regime during the charged doping process.That can be involved as a degree of freedom for the coupling tailoring.The ability to modulate the effective index with two-dimensional materials and the robust nature of the heterostructure integrated phase modulator could be useful for engineering reliable ultra-compact and low-power-consumption integrated photonic devices.

正常胎儿脑表面沟回在三维反转水晶仿真成像上的发育变化规律

目的探讨应用三维水晶反转仿真成像技术(3D-ICRV)分析正常胎儿脑沟和脑回发育变化规律的方法。方法选取2019年1月至2021年12月于南方医科大学第一临床医学院附属深圳妇幼保健院进行产前检查的正常孕周连续的单胎妊娠孕妇,连续孕周段为15~35孕周,使用经腹超声以丘脑横切面获取三维容积。采用一种全新的3D-ICRV超声技术,对胎儿大脑半球的脑沟回进行大脑表面3D-ICRV成像,选取其中能够清晰显示胎儿脑表面沟回的容积,观察并描述胎儿大脑表面脑沟脑回的发育变化规律。所有病例均进行了产后随访。结果300例正常连续孕周的单胎胎儿纳入研究。成功获取颅脑容积及清晰的3D-ICRV图像的胎儿共294例,成功率为98%(294/300)。每例胎儿选取2个最佳的颅脑容积,共计588个颅脑容积进行分析。脑沟回在3D-ICRV成像上呈现一种相对恒定的变化发育规律,在妊娠15~25周,外侧裂是第一个也是唯一能在3D-ICRV图像上被识别的结构。从26~35孕周,除大脑外侧裂发生变化外,脑表面的沟、回相继出现,并逐渐加深。其中,在26周最先出现中央沟及颞上沟,然后依次出现额上沟、顶内沟、额下沟、颞下沟等。25~30孕周是大多数脑沟回显现的主要时期,是评价皮质发育的最佳时期。结论应用3D-ICRV成像可以显示正常胎儿脑沟回发育变化规律,了解这些变化对产前评估大脑皮层发育成熟度及进一步的临床咨询和管理具有重要意义。

Clinical outcomes of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis:results from a multicenter Chinese cohort

Background:Asymptomatic low-grade(Los Angeles Classification Grades A and B)esophagitis is common in clinical practice with unclear clinical outcomes.This study aimed to explore the clinical outcomes of asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis.Methods:This was a multicenter cohort study conducted by three academic hospitals in China.Asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis patients between January 2015 and December 2019 were included.Mucosal healing condition 1year after initial diagnosis,symptomoutcomes,and proton-pump inhibitor(PPI)use within 1year after initial diagnosis were studied and compared.Results:A total of 248 asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis patients were included.Esophagitis disappeared in 76.2%of patients 1 year after initial diagnosis.In terms of symptom outcomes,89.9%of patients did not present gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)symptoms within 1 year after initial diagnosis.No significant difference was found in the proportion of patients who presented GERD symptoms and in the proportion of patients with persistent esophagitis between the PPI group and the non-PPI group(all P>0.05).Patients with initial Grade B esophagitis were more likely to present follow-up GERD symptoms(16.0%vs 7.5%,P=0.041)and had more severe follow-up esophagitis than those with Grade A(P<0.001).Patients with follow-up GERD symptoms were more likely to have persistent esophagitis than those without.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that asymptomatic low-grade esophagitis had relatively benign clinical outcomes.Patients with initial Grade B esophagitis and patients with follow-up GERD symptoms were more likely to be those who are in genuine need of further follow-up and treatments.

Is pledge risk matched between pledgees and pledgers in China's share pledge market?

Based on a sample of share pledging by the controlling shareholders of A-share listed firms,we investigate whether pledge risk is matched between pledgees and pledgers in China’s share pledge market.The results show that,compared with broker pledgees,commercial bank pledgees accept pledged stocks with lower market risk and the corresponding listed firms are at lower risk,have higher levels of information transparency and are more likely to be stateowned enterprises(SOEs).We also find that commercial bank pledgees do not ease the risk requirement of pledged stocks for pledgers of SOEs.Further,we document that commercial bank pledgees face lower margin call risks than broker pledgees.After securities companies were authorized to compete in the share pledge market in 2013,the pledge risk faced by commercial bank pledgees further reduced.Our results support that China’s share pledge financing market generally achieves an efficient equilibrium in terms of pledge risk matching between pledgees and pledgers.We recommend that the macro control of share pledge risk be focused on broker pledgees.