Sexual dimorphism in size and shape is common in many organisms, and is a key evolutionary feature. In this study, we analyzed morphometric data of the Jilin clawed salamander Onychodactylus zhangyapingi, an endemic C...Sexual dimorphism in size and shape is common in many organisms, and is a key evolutionary feature. In this study, we analyzed morphometric data of the Jilin clawed salamander Onychodactylus zhangyapingi, an endemic Chinese salamander, to examine sexual size and shape dimorphism. The morphometric data included 14 characteristics of 13 females and 11 males and was analyzed using univariate and multivariate methods. Our results showed that sexual dimorphism occurs not only in body size, but also in body shape. Males have a longer snout-vent length than females, a rarely reported pattern of male-biased sexual size dimorphism. Females have a larger space between the axilla and groin than males, while males have longer and larger tails compared to females. The sexual dimorphism in body size and shape can be explained by existing theories, but there is little data for the mating system, behavior, reproduction, or ecology of O. zhangyapingi, so further studies are required.展开更多
The morphological characteristics of the dorsal skin of trunk in two species of hynobiid salamanders, Batrachuperus pinchonii and Hynobius chinensis were examined by light microscopy. The basic structures of the skin ...The morphological characteristics of the dorsal skin of trunk in two species of hynobiid salamanders, Batrachuperus pinchonii and Hynobius chinensis were examined by light microscopy. The basic structures of the skin in the two species are similar and consist of two layers： epidermis and dermis. The epidermis consists of stratum corneum, stratum intermedium and stratum germinativum, while the dermis is composed of a stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum. However, some species-specific variation has been identified （e.g., the distribution of capillary vessels and gland cells, and the thickness of skin）. H. chinensis is a terrestrial species and only lives in water during breeding period, but B. pinchonii is aquatic and remains aquatic throughout its lifetime. The differences in the distribution of capillary vessels and gland cells are related to their different habitats, and show a morphological adaptation.展开更多
The rise of the engine remanufacturing industry has resulted in increased possibilities of energy conservation during the remanufacturing process,and scheduling could exert significant effects on the energy performanc...The rise of the engine remanufacturing industry has resulted in increased possibilities of energy conservation during the remanufacturing process,and scheduling could exert significant effects on the energy performance of manufacturing systems.However,only a few studies have specifically addressed energy-efficient scheduling for remanufacturing.Considering the uncertain processing time and routes and the operation characteristics of remanufacturing,we used the crankshaft as an illustrative case and built a fuzzy job-shop scheduling model to minimize the energy consumption during remanufacturing.An improved adaptive genetic algorithm was developed by using the hormone modulation mechanism to deal with the scheduling problem that simultaneously involves parallel machines,batch machines,and uncertain processing routes and time.The algorithm demonstrated superior performance in terms of optimal value,run time,and convergent generation in comparison with other algorithms.Computational results indicated that the optimal scheduling scheme is expected to generate 1.7 kW∙h of energy saving for the investigated problem size.In addition,the scheme could improve the energy efficiency of the crankshaft remanufacturing process by approximately 5%.This study provides a basis for production managers to improve the sustainability of remanufacturing through energy-aware scheduling.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 30900138, 31471971)
文摘Sexual dimorphism in size and shape is common in many organisms, and is a key evolutionary feature. In this study, we analyzed morphometric data of the Jilin clawed salamander Onychodactylus zhangyapingi, an endemic Chinese salamander, to examine sexual size and shape dimorphism. The morphometric data included 14 characteristics of 13 females and 11 males and was analyzed using univariate and multivariate methods. Our results showed that sexual dimorphism occurs not only in body size, but also in body shape. Males have a longer snout-vent length than females, a rarely reported pattern of male-biased sexual size dimorphism. Females have a larger space between the axilla and groin than males, while males have longer and larger tails compared to females. The sexual dimorphism in body size and shape can be explained by existing theories, but there is little data for the mating system, behavior, reproduction, or ecology of O. zhangyapingi, so further studies are required.
基金supported by the grants of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30900138)the Henan University of Science and Technology Foundation(09001367)the Science and Technology Program of Henan Province(122102110035)to Jianli XIONG
文摘The morphological characteristics of the dorsal skin of trunk in two species of hynobiid salamanders, Batrachuperus pinchonii and Hynobius chinensis were examined by light microscopy. The basic structures of the skin in the two species are similar and consist of two layers： epidermis and dermis. The epidermis consists of stratum corneum, stratum intermedium and stratum germinativum, while the dermis is composed of a stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum. However, some species-specific variation has been identified （e.g., the distribution of capillary vessels and gland cells, and the thickness of skin）. H. chinensis is a terrestrial species and only lives in water during breeding period, but B. pinchonii is aquatic and remains aquatic throughout its lifetime. The differences in the distribution of capillary vessels and gland cells are related to their different habitats, and show a morphological adaptation.
基金This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant numbers 2020YFA0607803 and 2019YFA0606800]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41975159].
基金The authors highly appreciate the investigation opportunities provided by SINOTRUK,Jinan Fuqiang Power Co.,Ltd.We are also grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51775086 and 51605169)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province China(Grant No.2014A030310345).
文摘The rise of the engine remanufacturing industry has resulted in increased possibilities of energy conservation during the remanufacturing process,and scheduling could exert significant effects on the energy performance of manufacturing systems.However,only a few studies have specifically addressed energy-efficient scheduling for remanufacturing.Considering the uncertain processing time and routes and the operation characteristics of remanufacturing,we used the crankshaft as an illustrative case and built a fuzzy job-shop scheduling model to minimize the energy consumption during remanufacturing.An improved adaptive genetic algorithm was developed by using the hormone modulation mechanism to deal with the scheduling problem that simultaneously involves parallel machines,batch machines,and uncertain processing routes and time.The algorithm demonstrated superior performance in terms of optimal value,run time,and convergent generation in comparison with other algorithms.Computational results indicated that the optimal scheduling scheme is expected to generate 1.7 kW∙h of energy saving for the investigated problem size.In addition,the scheme could improve the energy efficiency of the crankshaft remanufacturing process by approximately 5%.This study provides a basis for production managers to improve the sustainability of remanufacturing through energy-aware scheduling.
