Hepadnaviruses,including human hepatitis B virus(HBV),replicate through reverse transcription of an RNAintermediate,the pregenomic RNA(pgRNA).Despite thiskinship to retroviruses,there are fundamental differencesbeyond...Hepadnaviruses,including human hepatitis B virus(HBV),replicate through reverse transcription of an RNAintermediate,the pregenomic RNA(pgRNA).Despite thiskinship to retroviruses,there are fundamental differencesbeyond the fact that hepadnavirions contain DNAinstead of RNA.Most peculiar is the initiation of reversetranscription:it occurs by protein-priming,is strictlycommitted to using an RNA hairpin on the pgRNA,ε,as template,and depends on cellular chaperones;moreover,proper replication can apparently occur onlyin the specialized environment of intact nucleocapsids.This complexity has hampered an in-depth mechanisticunderstanding.The recent successful reconstitution inthe test tube of active replication initiation complexesfrom purified components,for duck HBV(DHBV),now allows for the analysis of the biochemistry ofhepadnaviral replication at the molecular level.Here wereview the current state of knowledge at all steps of thehepadnaviral genome replication cycle,with emphasison new insights that turned up by the use of such cell-free systems.At this time,they can,unfortunately,not be complemented by three-dimensional structurainformation on the involved components.However,atleast for the ε RNA element such information is emerging,raising expectations that combining biophysics withbiochemistry and genetics will soon provide a powerfuintegrated approach for solving the many outstandingquestions.The ultimate,though most challenging goal,will be to visualize the hepadnaviral reverse transcriptasein the act of synthesizing DNA,which will also havestrong implications for drug development.展开更多
文摘Hepadnaviruses,including human hepatitis B virus(HBV),replicate through reverse transcription of an RNAintermediate,the pregenomic RNA(pgRNA).Despite thiskinship to retroviruses,there are fundamental differencesbeyond the fact that hepadnavirions contain DNAinstead of RNA.Most peculiar is the initiation of reversetranscription:it occurs by protein-priming,is strictlycommitted to using an RNA hairpin on the pgRNA,ε,as template,and depends on cellular chaperones;moreover,proper replication can apparently occur onlyin the specialized environment of intact nucleocapsids.This complexity has hampered an in-depth mechanisticunderstanding.The recent successful reconstitution inthe test tube of active replication initiation complexesfrom purified components,for duck HBV(DHBV),now allows for the analysis of the biochemistry ofhepadnaviral replication at the molecular level.Here wereview the current state of knowledge at all steps of thehepadnaviral genome replication cycle,with emphasison new insights that turned up by the use of such cell-free systems.At this time,they can,unfortunately,not be complemented by three-dimensional structurainformation on the involved components.However,atleast for the ε RNA element such information is emerging,raising expectations that combining biophysics withbiochemistry and genetics will soon provide a powerfuintegrated approach for solving the many outstandingquestions.The ultimate,though most challenging goal,will be to visualize the hepadnaviral reverse transcriptasein the act of synthesizing DNA,which will also havestrong implications for drug development.
