Numerical investigation of the control factors driving Zhe-Min Coastal Current

During the northeast monsoon season,Zhe-Min Coastal Current(ZMCC)travels along the Chinese mainland coast and carries fresh,cold,and eutrophic water.ZMCC is significantly important for the hydrodynamic processes and marine ecosystems along its path.Thus,this bottom-trapped plume deserves to be further discussed in terms of the major driving factor,for which different opinions exist.For this purpose,in this study,a high resolution Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model(SCHISM)is established and validated.High correlation coefficients exist between along-shelf wind speeds and seasonal variations of both ZMCC volume transport and the freshwater signal.These coefficients imply that the wind is important in regulating ZMCC.However,for similar annual mean ZMCC volume transports,the extreme south boundaries of Zhe-Min Coastal Water(ZMCW)are different among different years.This difference is attracting attention and is explored in this study.According to the low wind/discharge experiment,it was found that although the volume transport of ZMCC is more sensitive to the variation of local wind speeds,the carried freshwater is limited by the Changjiang River discharge,which ultimately determines the south boundary of ZMCW.The momentum analysis at transects I and II shows that,for driving ZMCC,the along-shore wind forcing is as important as the buoyancy forcing.Note that this conclusion is supported by a zero-discharge experiment.It was also found that the buoyancy forcing varies with respect to time and space,which is due to variations of the discharge of Changjiang River.In addition,a particle tracking experiment shows that the substance carried by the Changjiang River diluted water would distribute along the Zhe-Min coastal region during the northeast monsoon season and it may escape due to the wind relaxation.

Distribution characteristics of wave energy in the Zhe-Min coastal area

A 10-year(2003–2012)hindcast was conducted to study the wave field in the Zhe-Min coastal area(Key Area OE-W2)located off Zhejiang and Fujian provinces of China.Forced by the wind field from a weather research and forecasting model(WRF),high-resolution wave modelling using the SWAN was carried out in the study area.The simulated wave fields show a good agreement with observations.Using the simulation results,we conducted statistical analysis of wave power density in terms of spatial distribution and temporal variation.The effective duration of wave energy in the sea area was discussed,and the stability of wave energy was evaluated using the coefficient of variation of wave power density.Results indicate that the wave energy resource in the study area was about 4.11×10^(6) kW.The distribution of wave energy tends to increase from the north(off Zhejiang coast)to the south(off Fujian coast),and from near-shore area to the open sea.The sea areas with wave power density greater than 2 kW/m are mostly distributed seaward of the 10-m isobath,and the contours of the wave power density are almost parallel to the shoreline.The sea areas around the islands that are far from the mainland are rich in wave energy,usually more than 6 kW/m,and therefore are of obvious advantages in planning wave energy development and utilization.The effective duration of wave energy in the offshore area shows an increasing trend from north(off Zhejiang coast)to south(off Fujian coast),with values of∼3500 h in the north and∼4450 h in the south.The coefficient of variation of wave energy in this region is mostly in the range of 1.5–3.0,and gradually decreases from the north to the south,suggesting that the wave energy in the south is more stable than that in the north.

Adaptation of Ocular Opponency Neurons Mediates Attention-Induced Ocular Dominance Plasticity

Previous research has shown that ocular dominance can be biased by prolonged attention to one eye.The ocular-opponency-neuron model of binocular rivalry has been proposed as a candidate account for this phenomenon.Yet direct neural evidence is still lacking.By manipulating the contrast of dichoptic testing gratings,here we measured the steady-state visually evoked potentials(SSVEPs)at the intermodulation frequencies to selectively track the activities of ocular-opponency-neurons before and after the“dichoptic-backward-movie”adaptation.One hour of adaptation caused a shift of perceptual and neural ocular dominance towards the unattended eye.More importantly,we found a decrease in the intermodulation SSVEP response after adaptation,which was significantly greater when high-contrast gratings were presented to the attended eye than when they were presented to the unattended eye.These results strongly support the view that the adaptation of ocular-opponency-neurons contributes to the ocular dominance plasticity induced by prolonged eye-based attention.

Relationship between Lightning Activity and Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide and the Estimation of Lightning-produced Nitrogen Oxides over China

To better understand the relationship between lightning activity and nitrogen oxides （NOx） in the troposphere and to estimate lightning-produced NOx （LNOx） production in China more precisely, spatial and temporal distributions of vertical column densities of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide （NO2 VCDs） and lightning activity were analyzed using satellite measure- ments. The results showed that the spatial distribution of lightning activity is greater in the east than in the west of China, as with NO2 VCDs. However, the seasonal and annual variation between lightning and NO2 density show different trends in the east and west. The central Tibetan Plateau is sparsely populated without modem industry, and NO2 VCDs across the plateau are barely affected by anthropogenic sources. The plateau is an ideal area to study LNOx. By analyzing 15 years of satellite data from that region, it was found that lightning density is in strong agreement with annual, spatial and seasonal variations of NO2 VCDs, with a correlation coefficient of 0.79 from the linear fit. Combining Beirle＇s method and the linear fit equation, LNOx production in the Chinese interior was determined to be 0.07 （0.02-0.27） TgN yr-1 for 1997-2012, within the range of 0.016-0.384 TgN yr-1 from previous estimates.

糖尿病视网膜病变易感性与相关基因多态性研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)是一种多因素介导的疾病,目前公认DR是由慢性高血糖引起的代谢环境异常所致,但其发生受遗传因素的调控,被认为是人类复杂疾病的经典案例,可归因于遗传因素、环境因素及其之间的相互作用结果。遗传学对DR发生发展的研究已取得了一定成果,但具体的致病基因及其发病机制仍尚未明确。本研究针对目前已确定的潜在DR易感基因及其多态性进行综述,为进一步研究DR致病基因及其发病机制提供参考。

The relationships between step count and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events:A doseresponse meta-analysis

Background:A goal of 10,000 steps per day is widely advocated,but there is little evidence to support that goal.Our purpose was to examine the doseresponse relationships between step count and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease risk.Methods:Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,EMBASE,OVID,PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for studies published before July 9,2021,that evaluated the association between daily steps and at least 1 outcome.Results:Sixteen publications(12 related to all-cause mortality,5 related to cardiovascular disease;and 1 article contained 2 outcomes:both allcause death and cardiovascular events)were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis.There was evidence of a nonlinear doseresponse relationship between step count and risk of all-cause mortality or cardiovascular disease(p=0.002 and p=0.014 for nonlinearity,respectively).When we restricted the analyses to accelerometer-based studies,the third quartile had a 40.36%lower risk of all-cause mortality and a 35.05%lower risk of cardiovascular event than the first quartile(all-cause mortality:Q1=4183 steps/day,Q3=8959 steps/day;cardiovascular event:Q1=3500 steps/day,Q3=9500 steps/day;respectively).Conclusion:Our meta-analysis suggests inverse associations between higher step count and risk of premature death and cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older adults,with nonlinear doseresponse patterns.

Spatially resolved properties of supernova host galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA

We crossmatch galaxies from Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory with the Open Supernova Catalog,obtaining a total of 132 SNe within MaNGA bundle.These 132 SNe can be classified into 67 Type Ia and 65 Type CC.We study the global and local properties of supernova host galaxies statistically.Type Ia SNe are distributed in both star-forming galaxies and quiescent galaxies,while Type CC SNe are all distributed along the star-forming main sequence.As the stellar mass increases,the Type Ia/CC number ratio increases.We find:(1)there is no obvious difference in the interaction possibilities and environments between Type Ia SN hosts and a control sample of galaxies with similar stellar mass and SFR distributions,except that Type Ia SNe tend to appear in galaxies which are more bulge-dominated than their controls.For Type CC SNe,there is no difference between their hosts and the control galaxies in galaxy morphology,interaction possibilities as well as environments;(2)compared to galaxy centers,the SN locations have smaller velocity dispersion,lower metallicity,and younger stellar population.This is a natural result of radius gradients for all these parameters.The SN location and its symmetrical position relative to the galaxy center,as well as regions with similar effective radii have very similar[Mg/Fe],gasphase metallicity,gas velocity dispersion and stellar population age.

Tobacco RING E3 Ligase NtRFP1 Mediates Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation of a Geminivirus-Encoded βC1

The βC1 protein encoded by the Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus-associated betasatellite functions as a pathogenicity determinant. To better understand the molecular basis whereby βC1 functions in pathogenicity, a yeast two-hybrid screen of a tobacco cDNA library was carried out using βC1 as the bait. The screen revealed that βC1 interacts with a tobacco RING-finger protein designated NtRFP1, which was further confirmed by the bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Expression of NtRFP1 was induced by βC1, and in vitro ubiquiti- nation assays showed that NtRFP1 is a functional E3 ubiquiUn ligase that mediates βC1 ubiquitination. In addition, βC1 was shown to be ubiquitinated in vivo and degraded by the plant 26S proteasome. After viral infection, plants overexpressing NtRFP1 developed attenuated symptoms, whereas plants with silenced expression of NtRFP1 showed severe symptoms. Other lines of evidence showed that NtRFP1 attenuates βC1-induced symptoms through promoting its degradation by the 26S proteasome. Taken together, our results suggest that tobacco RING E3 ligase NtRFP1 attenuates disease symptoms by interacting with βC1 to mediate its ubiquitination and degradation via the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system.

Self-organization principles in stem-cell-derived synthetic embryo models

As embryos,we were extremely lucky to survive implantation,when we transitioned from a simple ball of undifferentiated cells to a complex structure of distinct lineages.During development,fertilization generates a totipotent zygote that ultimately gives rise to themyriad cell types of the whole organism.Inmouse embryos,the first cell fate decision leads to trophectoderm(TE)progenitors on the outside of the early embryo,surrounding the inner cell mass.Epiblast(EPI)and primitive endoderm(PE)cells then arise from the inner cell mass and are initially intermingled(embryonic day 3.5).Thus,themammalian pre-implantation embryo comprises three lineage compartments:TE,destined to become the placenta;PE,destined to become the yolk sac;and EPI,pluripotent cells that will generate the entire body.

微生物1,3-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶蛋白质改造及工业应用研究进展

1,3-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶(E.C.3.2.1.73)是一种重要的工业用酶,其可以通过特异性切割毗邻β-1,3-糖苷键的β-1,4-糖苷键将β-葡聚糖或地衣多糖降解为纤维三糖和纤维四糖。微生物β-葡聚糖酶属于糖苷水解酶家族16,其三维结构为卷心蛋糕状的逆向β-片层结构。文中综述了近些年来β-葡聚糖酶在工业上的应用情况及酶蛋白质工程改造的研究进展,并对其研究前景进行了展望。

金纳米星的制备、表面修饰及其在生物医学领域的应用研究

随着纳米技术的飞速发展,复杂三维结构的金纳米星已成为一种新型纳米材料。金纳米星具有独特的物理化学性质,如可调制的LSPR光学特性、SERS效应、光热特性、较大的比表面积等,这些性质使其在纳米材料和生物医学领域具有极高的潜在应用价值。本文首先介绍了金纳米星独特的光学性质,并对这些光学特性的理论基础进行解释;接着对近年来国内外制备金纳米星的主要方法进行阐述,主要包括种子介导生长法和一步合成法,这两种制备方法均存在各自的优缺点。在功能化的探针构筑方面,金纳米星的表面修饰主要包括两种方法:二氧化硅包裹金纳米星和高分子聚合物或生物分子修饰金纳米星。在应用方面,本文对金纳米星在生物分子检测、医学成像、肿瘤的诊断与光热治疗、药物传输和控制释放方面的最新研究进展进行了总结。最后,对目前金纳米星探针在制备和应用中存在的一些问题进行了探讨,并展望了该领域未来的研究内容和方向。

Treatment of Epilepsy with Bipolar Electro-coagulation： An Analysis of Cortical Blood Flow and Histological Change in Temporal Lobe

Background：Bipolar electro-coagulation has a reported efficacy in treating epilepsy involving functional cortex by pure electro-coagulation or combination with resection.However,the mechanisms of bipolar electro-coagulation are not completely known.We studied the acute cortical blood flow and histological changes after bipolar electro-coagulation in 24 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy.Methods：Twenty-four patients were consecutively enrolled,and divided into three groups according to the date of admission.The regional cortical blood flow （rCBF）,electrocorticography,the depth of cortex damage,and acute histological changes （H and E staining,neuronal staining and neurofilament （NF） staining） were analyzed before and after the operation.The t-test analysis was used to compare the rCBF before and after the operation.Results：The rCBF after coagulation was significantly reduced （P 〈 0.05）.The spikes were significantly reduced after electro-coagulation.For the temporal cortex,the depth of cortical damage with output power of 2-9 W after electro-coagulation was 0.34 ± 0.03,0.48 ± 0.06,0.69 ± 0.06,0.84 ± 0.09,0.98 ± 0.08,1.10 ± 0.1 l,1.11 ± 0.09,and 1.22 ± 0.11 mm,respectively.Coagulation with output power of 4-5 W completely damaged the neurons and NF protein in the molecular layer,external granular layer,and external pyramidal layer.Conclusions：The electro-coagulation not only destroyed the neurons and NF protein,but also reduced the rCBF.We concluded that the injuries caused by electro-coagulation would prevent horizontal synchronization and spread of epileptic discharges,and partially destroy the epileptic focus.

Numerical modeling of the seasonal circulation in the coastal ocean of the Northern South China Sea

The Finite Volume Community Ocean Model(FVCOM)was adapted to the Northern South China Sea(NSCS)to investigate the seasonality of coastal circulation,as well as along-shelf and cross-shelf transport.In fall and winter,southwestward current dominates the NSCS shelf,while the currenfs direction shifts to northeast in summer.The circulation pattern in spring is more complicated:both southwestward and northeastward currents are detected on the NSCS shelf.The mean shelf circulation pattern in winter does not show the permanent counter-wind South China Sea Warm Current(SCSWC)along the 100-200 m isobaths.Meanwhile,the model results indicate a northeastward current flowing along 50-100 m isobaths in spring.Southwestward along-shelf transport varies from 0.30-1.93 Sv in fall and winter,and it redirects to northeast in summer ranging jfrom 0.44—1.09 Sv.Onshore transport is mainly through the shelf break segment southeast of the Pearl River Estuary.

Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Operation of Ebstein＇s Anomaly： A Retrospective Study

Background： Ebstein＇s anomaly （EA） has various spectrums in clinical and anatomic features. This study aimed to report the experience of two-dimensional intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography （2D-ITEE） during the EA surgery and to analyze the characteristics of the tricuspid valve （TV） by comparing the data from 2D-ITEE with the results from the surgery. Methods： 2D-ITEE data of 164 patients with EA who were operated in the First Hospital of Tsinghua University between July 2004 and April 2014 were retrospectively analyzed in this study. 2D-ITEE was applied in all patients. Downward displacement distances were measured, and the numbers of downward displacement or absent leaflets were compared with that of the surgery and with that of the two-dimensional-transthoracic echocardiogram （2D-TTE）. Data comparison was peribrmed using the Chi-square test. Results： The anterior leaflet partial or total downward displacement was 37.76 ±17.50 mm in 54 cases, absent in one patient; septal leaflet downward displacement was 29.07 ± 12.34 mm in 134 cases, absent in 17 cases; and posterior leaflet downward displacement was 43.18 ± 19.16 mm in 115 cases, absent in 34 cases. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the results from 2D-ITEE and that of 2D-TTE. The consistency rates of 2D-ITEE with operation for septal and posterior leaflets were 93.2% and 96.1%, respectively, while the rate for anterior was only 40.1%o, which was significantly different. Color Doppler flow image showed severe regurgitation in 150 cases and moderate in 14 cases. After surgical correction, moderate regurgitation of TV was found in 58 cases with 2D-ITEE, repair was performed again until the effect was satisfied. No complication occurred relating to the use of 2D-ITEE. Conclusions： 2D-ITEE could help diagnose anterior leaflet, evaluate the effect of TV repair, increase operational success rate, and reduce complication.