Contact electrification(CE)is a pretty common phenomenon,but still is poorly understood.The long-standing controversy over the mechanisms of CE related to polymers is particularly intense due to their complexity.In th...Contact electrification(CE)is a pretty common phenomenon,but still is poorly understood.The long-standing controversy over the mechanisms of CE related to polymers is particularly intense due to their complexity.In this paper,the CE between metals and polymers is systematically studied,which shows the evolution of surfaces is accompanied by variations of CE outputs.The variations of CE charge quantity are closely related to the creep and deformation of the polymer and metal surfaces.Then the relationship between CE and polymer structures is put forward,which is essentially determined by the electronegativity of elements and the functional groups in the polymers.The effects of load and contact frequency on the CE process and outputs are also investigated,indicating the increase of CE charge quantity with load and frequency.Material transfer from polymer to metal is observed during CE while electrons transfer from metal to polymer,both of which are believed to have an influence on each other.The findings advance our understanding of the mechanism of CE between metal and polymers,and provides insights into the performance of CE-based application in various conditions,which sheds light on the design and optimization of CE-based energy harvest and self-powered sensing devices.展开更多
DNA mismatch repair （MMR） is one of the biological pathways, which plays a critical role in DNA home- ostasis, primarily by repairing base-pair mismatches and insertion/deletion loops that occur during DNA replicati...DNA mismatch repair （MMR） is one of the biological pathways, which plays a critical role in DNA home- ostasis, primarily by repairing base-pair mismatches and insertion/deletion loops that occur during DNA replication. MMR also takes part in other metabolic pathways and regulates cell cycle arrest. Defects in MMR are associated with genomic instability, predisposition to certain types of cancers and resistance to certain therapeutic drugs. Moreover, genetic and epigenetic alterations in the MMR system demonstrate a significant relationship with human fertility and related treatments, which helps us to understand the etiology and susceptibility of human infertility. Alterations in the MMR system may also influence the health of offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technology in humans. However, further studies are needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which the MMR system may affect human infertility. This review addresses the physiological mechanisms of the MMR system and associations between altera- tions of the MMR system and human fertility and related treatments, and potential effects on the next generation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52075249,51505217,51435008,and 51705247)。
文摘Contact electrification(CE)is a pretty common phenomenon,but still is poorly understood.The long-standing controversy over the mechanisms of CE related to polymers is particularly intense due to their complexity.In this paper,the CE between metals and polymers is systematically studied,which shows the evolution of surfaces is accompanied by variations of CE outputs.The variations of CE charge quantity are closely related to the creep and deformation of the polymer and metal surfaces.Then the relationship between CE and polymer structures is put forward,which is essentially determined by the electronegativity of elements and the functional groups in the polymers.The effects of load and contact frequency on the CE process and outputs are also investigated,indicating the increase of CE charge quantity with load and frequency.Material transfer from polymer to metal is observed during CE while electrons transfer from metal to polymer,both of which are believed to have an influence on each other.The findings advance our understanding of the mechanism of CE between metal and polymers,and provides insights into the performance of CE-based application in various conditions,which sheds light on the design and optimization of CE-based energy harvest and self-powered sensing devices.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Programs (973) of China(Nos.2012CB944901 and 2014CB943302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81200475,81370760,and 81571500)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ13H040001)
文摘DNA mismatch repair （MMR） is one of the biological pathways, which plays a critical role in DNA home- ostasis, primarily by repairing base-pair mismatches and insertion/deletion loops that occur during DNA replication. MMR also takes part in other metabolic pathways and regulates cell cycle arrest. Defects in MMR are associated with genomic instability, predisposition to certain types of cancers and resistance to certain therapeutic drugs. Moreover, genetic and epigenetic alterations in the MMR system demonstrate a significant relationship with human fertility and related treatments, which helps us to understand the etiology and susceptibility of human infertility. Alterations in the MMR system may also influence the health of offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technology in humans. However, further studies are needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which the MMR system may affect human infertility. This review addresses the physiological mechanisms of the MMR system and associations between altera- tions of the MMR system and human fertility and related treatments, and potential effects on the next generation.
