Correction: The Cymbidium genome reveals the evolution of unique morphological traits

After online publication of the article 1 the author noticed minor typo in Fig.4c.CeSEP1/2/3/4 should be read as CeSEP1/3/4.Revised figure supplied during the proof correction was inadvertently not reproduced in the final version.In addition,the affiliation numbers of the authors revised in the original article during proof correction,but not reflected in the title page in Supplementary Information.

The Cymbidium genome reveals the evolution of unique morphological traits

The marvelously diverse Orchidaceae constitutes the largest family of angiosperms.The genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae is well known for its unique vegetation,floral morphology,and flower scent traits.Here,a chromosomescale assembly of the genome of Cymbidium ensifolium(Jianlan)is presented.Comparative genomic analysis showed that C.ensifolium has experienced two whole-genome duplication(WGD)events,the most recent of which was shared by all orchids,while the older event was the t event shared by most monocots.The results of MADS-box genes analysis provided support for establishing a unique gene model of orchid flower development regulation,and flower shape mutations in C.ensifolium were shown to be associated with the abnormal expression of MADS-box genes.The most abundant floral scent components identi fied included methyl jasmonate,acacia alcohol and linalool,and the genes involved in the floral scent component network of C.ensifolium were determined.Furthermore,the decreased expression of photosynthesis-antennae and photosynthesis metabolic pathway genes in leaves was shown to result in colorful striped leaves,while the increased expression of MADS-box genes in leaves led to perianth-like leaves.Our results provide fundamental insights into orchid evolution and diversi fication.

Exosomes derived from BMSCs ameliorate cyclophosphamide-induced testosterone deficiency by enhancing the autophagy of Leydig cells via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway

Cyclophosphamide-induced testosterone deficiency (CPTD) during the treatment of cancers and autoimmune disorders severelyinfluences the quality of life of patients. Currently, several guidelines recommend patients suffering from CPTD receive testosteronereplacement therapy (TRT). However, TRT has many disadvantages underscoring the requirement for alternative, nontoxictreatment strategies. We previously reported bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSCs-exos) could alleviatecyclophosphamide (CP)-induced spermatogenesis dysfunction, highlighting their role in the treatment of male reproductive disorders.Therefore, we further investigated whether BMSCs-exos affect autophagy and testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells (LCs). Here,we examined the effects and probed the molecular mechanisms of BMSCs-exos on CPTD in vivo and in vitro by detecting theexpression levels of genes and proteins related to autophagy and testosterone synthesis. Furthermore, the testosterone concentrationin serum and cell-conditioned medium, and the photophosphorylation protein levels of adenosine monophosphate-activatedprotein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were measured. Our results suggest that BMSCs-exos couldbe absorbed by LCs through the blood–testis barrier in mice, promoting autophagy in LCs and improving the CP-induced low serumtestosterone levels. BMSCs-exos inhibited cell death in CP-exposed LCs, regulated the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway to promoteautophagy in LCs, and then improved the low testosterone synthesis ability of CP-induced LCs. Moreover, the autophagy inhibitor,3-methyladenine (3-MA), significantly reversed the therapeutic effects of BMSCs-exos. These findings suggest that BMSCs-exospromote LC autophagy by regulating the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby ameliorating CPTD. This study provides novelevidence for the clinical improvement of CPTD using BMSCs-exos.

A novel robust nomogram based on peripheral monocyte counts for predicting lymph node metastasis of prostate cancer

Accurate methods for identifying pelvic lymph node metastasis(LNM)of prostate cancer(PCa)prior to surgery are still lacking.We aimed to investigate the predictive value of peripheral monocyte count(PMC)for LNM of PCa in this study.Two hundred and ninety-eight patients from three centers were divided into a training set(n=125)and a validation set(n=173).In the training set,the independent predictors of LNM were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses,and the optimal cutoff value was calculated by the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.The sensitivity and specificity of the optimal cutoff were authenticated in the validation cohort.Finally,a nomogram based on the PMC was constructed for predicting LNM.Multivariate analyses of the training cohort demonstrated that clinical T stage,preoperative Gleason score,and PMC were independent risk factors for LNM.The subsequent ROC analysis showed that the optimal cutoff value of PMC for diagnosing LNM was 0.405×10^(9)l^(−1)with a sensitivity of 60.0%and a specificity of 67.8%.In the validation set,the optimal cutoff value showed significantly higher sensitivity than that of conventional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)(0.619 vs 0.238,P<0.001).The nomogram involving PMC,free prostate-specific antigen(fPSA),clinical T stage,preoperative Gleason score,and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio(MLR)was generated,which showed a robust predictive capacity for predicting LNM before the operation.Our results indicated that PMC as a single agent,or combined with other clinical parameters,showed a robust predictive capacity for LNM in PCa.It can be employed as a complementary factor for the decision of whether to conduct pelvic lymph node dissection.