A major feature of neurodegeneration is disruption of central nervous system homeostasis,during which microglia play diverse roles.In the central nervous system,microglia serve as the first line of immune defense and ...A major feature of neurodegeneration is disruption of central nervous system homeostasis,during which microglia play diverse roles.In the central nervous system,microglia serve as the first line of immune defense and function in synapse pruning,injury repair,homeostasis maintenance,and regulation of brain development through scavenging and phagocytosis.Under pathological conditions or various stimulations,microglia proliferate,aggregate,and undergo a variety of changes in cell morphology,immunophenotype,and function.This review presents the features of microglia,especially their diversity and ability to change dynamically,and reinterprets their role as sensors for multiple stimulations and as effectors for brain aging and neurodegeneration.This review also summarizes some therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases that target microglia.展开更多
Accumulating evidence shows that cellular and acellular components in tumor microenvironment(TME)can reprogram tumor initiation,growth,invasion,metastasis,and response to therapies.Cancer research and treatment have s...Accumulating evidence shows that cellular and acellular components in tumor microenvironment(TME)can reprogram tumor initiation,growth,invasion,metastasis,and response to therapies.Cancer research and treatment have switched from a cancercentric model to a TME-centric one,considering the increasing significance of TME in cancer biology.Nonetheless,the clinical efficacy of therapeutic strategies targeting TME,especially the specific cells or pathways of TME,remains unsatisfactory.Classifying the chemopathological characteristics of TME and crosstalk among one another can greatly benefit further studies exploring effective treating methods.Herein,we present an updated image of TME with emphasis on hypoxic niche,immune microenvironment,metabolism microenvironment,acidic niche,innervated niche,and mechanical microenvironment.We then summarize conventional drugs including aspirin,celecoxib,β-adrenergic antagonist,metformin,and statin in new antitumor application.These drugs are considered as viable candidates for combination therapy due to their antitumor activity and extensive use in clinical practice.We also provide our outlook on directions and potential applications of TME theory.This review depicts a comprehensive and vivid landscape of TME from biology to treatment.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81401279(to ZYY),81873740(to ZYY)China International Medical Exchange Fund,No.2019-anesthesia-14(to ZYY)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai of China,No.18ZR1443100(to ZYY)Wuxin Project of International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine of China,No.2018-38(to ZYY)Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,Innovation Center of Translational Medicine Collaboration of China,No.TM201729(to ZYY)the 12th Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovation of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine of China,No.1218201(to YX,MZJ and WLJ)。
文摘A major feature of neurodegeneration is disruption of central nervous system homeostasis,during which microglia play diverse roles.In the central nervous system,microglia serve as the first line of immune defense and function in synapse pruning,injury repair,homeostasis maintenance,and regulation of brain development through scavenging and phagocytosis.Under pathological conditions or various stimulations,microglia proliferate,aggregate,and undergo a variety of changes in cell morphology,immunophenotype,and function.This review presents the features of microglia,especially their diversity and ability to change dynamically,and reinterprets their role as sensors for multiple stimulations and as effectors for brain aging and neurodegeneration.This review also summarizes some therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases that target microglia.
基金supported by funding from the Project Nn10 of Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital(Grant Number Nn102017-02)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 81602323,81872149)+3 种基金Outstanding Youth Project of Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant Number YQ2019H027)Distinguished Young Scholars of Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital(Grant Number JCQN2018-03)Yong Elite Training Foundation Grant of Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital(Grant Number JY2016-02)Haiyan Fund Project of Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital(Grant Number JJQN 2018-10).
文摘Accumulating evidence shows that cellular and acellular components in tumor microenvironment(TME)can reprogram tumor initiation,growth,invasion,metastasis,and response to therapies.Cancer research and treatment have switched from a cancercentric model to a TME-centric one,considering the increasing significance of TME in cancer biology.Nonetheless,the clinical efficacy of therapeutic strategies targeting TME,especially the specific cells or pathways of TME,remains unsatisfactory.Classifying the chemopathological characteristics of TME and crosstalk among one another can greatly benefit further studies exploring effective treating methods.Herein,we present an updated image of TME with emphasis on hypoxic niche,immune microenvironment,metabolism microenvironment,acidic niche,innervated niche,and mechanical microenvironment.We then summarize conventional drugs including aspirin,celecoxib,β-adrenergic antagonist,metformin,and statin in new antitumor application.These drugs are considered as viable candidates for combination therapy due to their antitumor activity and extensive use in clinical practice.We also provide our outlook on directions and potential applications of TME theory.This review depicts a comprehensive and vivid landscape of TME from biology to treatment.
