Case study on stratospheric and mesospheric concentric gravity waves generated by deep convection

Concentric gravity waves(CGWs)in the middle and upper atmosphere show wave-coupling processes between the lower atmosphere and the middle and upper atmosphere.In this research,we analyzed a case of CGWs detected simultaneously by the AIRS(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)and the VIIRS/DNB(Day/Night Band of the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite)in the stratosphere and mesosphere.Results showed that gravity waves(GWs)were generated by the collocated Hurricane Bejisa on the island of Mauritius.The AIRS data showed arc-like phase fronts of GWs with horizontal wavelengths of 190 and 150 km at 21:08 coordinated universal time(UTC)on 1 January 2014 and at 10:00 UTC on 2 January 2014,whereas the DNB observed arced GWs with horizontal wavelengths of 60 and 150 km in the same geographic regions at 22:24 UTC.The characteristics of CGW parameters in the stratosphere(~40 km)and the mesosphere(~87 km),such as the vertical wavelength,intrinsic frequency,and intrinsic horizontal phase speed,were first derived together with the background winds from ERA5 reanalysis data and Horizontal Wind Model data through the dispersion relationship of GWs and the wind-filtering theory.

Analysis of inversion error characteristics of stellar occultation simulation data

Atmospheric stellar occultation observation technology is an advanced space-based detection technology that can measure the vertical distribution of trace gas composition,temperature,and aerosol content in a planet’s atmosphere.In this study,an inversion algorithm of the onion-peeling method was constructed to invert the transmittance obtained from the forward mask.The method used a three-dimensional ray-tracing simulation to obtain the transmission path of the light in the Earth’s atmosphere.The relevant parameters were then combined in the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption(HITRAN)database,and line-by-line integration was performed to calculate the atmospheric transmittance.The transmittance value was then used as an input to calculate the vertical distribution of oxygen molecules when using the single-wavelength inversion of the onion-peeling method.Finally,the oxygen molecule content was compared with the value attained by the Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter Radar Extended(MSISE00)atmospheric model to determine the relative error of our model.The maximum error was found to be 0.3%,which is low enough to verify the reliability of our algorithm.Using Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk(GOLD)measured data to invert the oxygen number density,we calculated its relative deviation from the published result to further verify the algorithm.The inversion result was affected by factors such as prior data,the absorption spectral line type,the ellipticity of the Earth,and the accuracy of the orbit.Analysis of these error-influencing factors showed that the seasons and the Earth’s ellipticity affected the accuracy of the model only 0.001%and could therefore be ignored.However,latitude and solar activity had a greater impact on accuracy,on the order of 0.1%.The absorption line type affected the accuracy of the model by as much as 1%.All three of these factors therefore need to be considered during the inversion process.

Multifunctional Gd-CuS loaded UCST polymeric micelles for MR/PA imaging-guided chemo-photothermal tumor treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a life-threatening disease for which there is no effective treatment currently.Novel theranostics simultaneously having excellent imaging and therapeutic functions are highly desired in cancer therapy.Herein,we develop the sialic acid(SA)modified polymeric micelles at an upper critical solution temperature(UCST)of 43℃(sialic acid-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile),SA-PEG-p(AAm-co-AN)),which further encapsulated with doxorubicin(DOX)and Gd-CuS nanoparticles(Gd-CuS NPs)for chemo-photothermal treatment of HCC guided by magnetic resonance(MR)/photoacoustic(PA)dual-mode imaging.The resultant SA-PEG-p(AAm-co-AN)/DOX/Gd-CuS(SPDG)had an excellent photothermal conversion efficiency,enabling SPDG with an instantaneous release behavior of DOX under near-infrared(NIR)irradiation.This study also revealed that SPDG could actively target to HCC,which was due to that SA had a high affinity with E-selectin overexpressed at the tumor site.Moreover,benefiting from the HCC-targeted ability and NIR light-controlled on-demand delivery of DOX,SPDG showed a superior potential in MR/PA dual-mode imaging-guided chemo-photothermal treatment.Overall,our study reveals that the designed SPDG may be used as an ideal multifunctional nanoplatform for cancer theranostics.