With plenty of popular and effective ternary organic solar cells(OSCs)construction strategies proposed and applied,its power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)have come to a new level of over 19%in single-junction devices....With plenty of popular and effective ternary organic solar cells(OSCs)construction strategies proposed and applied,its power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)have come to a new level of over 19%in single-junction devices.However,previous studies are heavily based in chloroform(CF)leaving behind substantial knowledge deficiencies in understanding the influence of solvent choice when introducing a third component.Herein,we present a case where a newly designed asymmetric small molecular acceptor using fluoro-methoxylated end-group modification strategy,named BTP-BO-3FO with enlarged bandgap,brings different morphological evolution and performance improvement effect on host system PM6:BTP-eC9,processed by CF and ortho-xylene(o-XY).With detailed analyses supported by a series of experiments,the best PCE of 19.24%for green solvent-processed OSCs is found to be a fruit of finely tuned crystalline ordering and general aggregation motif,which furthermore nourishes a favorable charge generation and recombination behavior.Likewise,over 19%PCE can be achieved by replacing spin-coating with blade coating for active layer deposition.This work focuses on understanding the commonly met yet frequently ignored issues when building ternary blends to demonstrate cutting-edge device performance,hence,will be instructive to other ternary OSC works in the future.展开更多
Detailed information is provided for the design and construction of nitrogen drilling in a coal seam.Two prototype wells are considered.The Guo model is used to calculate the required minimum gas injection rate,while ...Detailed information is provided for the design and construction of nitrogen drilling in a coal seam.Two prototype wells are considered.The Guo model is used to calculate the required minimum gas injection rate,while the Finnie,Sommerfeld,and Tulsa models are exploited to estimate the ensuing erosion occurring in pipe strings.The calculated minimum gas injection rates are 67.4 m^(3)/min(with water)and 49.4 m^(3)/min(without water),and the actual field of use is 90–120 m^(3)/min.The difference between the calculated injection pressure and the field value is 6.5%–15.2%(formation with water)and 0.65%–7.32%(formation without water).The results show that the Guo model can more precisely represent the situation of the no water formation in the nitrogen drilling of a coal seam.The Finnie,Sommerfeld,and Tulsa models have different sensitivities to cutting densities,particle size,impact velocity and angle,and pipe string hardness.展开更多
AI researchers typically formulated probabilistic planning under uncertainty problems using Markov Decision Processes (MDPs).Value Iteration is an inef?cient algorithm for MDPs, because it puts the majority of its eff...AI researchers typically formulated probabilistic planning under uncertainty problems using Markov Decision Processes (MDPs).Value Iteration is an inef?cient algorithm for MDPs, because it puts the majority of its effort into backing up the entire state space, which turns out to be unnecessary in many cases. In order to overcome this problem, many approaches have been proposed. Among them, LAO*, LRTDP and HDP are state-of-the-art ones. All of these use reach ability analysis and heuristics to avoid some unnecessary backups. However, none of these approaches fully exploit the graphical features of the MDPs or use these features to yield the best backup sequence of the state space. We introduce an improved algorithm named Topological Order Value Iteration (TOVI) that can circumvent the problem of unnecessary backups by detecting the structure of MDPs and backing up states based on topological sequences. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and excellent performance of our algorithm.展开更多
Power-conversion-efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)in laboratory,normally processed by spin-coating technology with toxic halogenated solvents,have reached over 19%.However,there is usually a marked PCE dr...Power-conversion-efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)in laboratory,normally processed by spin-coating technology with toxic halogenated solvents,have reached over 19%.However,there is usually a marked PCE drop when the bladecoating and/or green-solvents toward large-scale printing are used instead,which hampers the practical development of OSCs.Here,a new series of N-alkyl-tailored small molecule acceptors named YR-SeNF with a same molecular main backbone are developed by combining selenium-fused central-core and naphthalene-fused endgroup.Thanks to the N-alkyl engineering,NIR-absorbing YR-SeNF series show different crystallinity,packing patterns,and miscibility with polymeric donor.The studies exhibit that the molecular packing,crystallinity,and vertical distribution of active layer morphologies are well optimized by introducing newly designed guest acceptor associated with tailored N-alkyl chains,providing the improved charge transfer dynamics and stability for the PM6:L8-BO:YRSeNF-based OSCs.As a result,a record-high PCE approaching 19%is achieved in the blade-coating OSCs fabricated from a greensolvent o-xylene with high-boiling point.Notably,ternary OSCs offer robust operating stability under maximum-power-point tracking and well-keep>80%of the initial PCEs for even over 400 h.Our alkyl-tailored guest acceptor strategy provides a unique approach to develop green-solvent and blade-coating processed high-efficiency and operating stable OSCs,which paves a way for industrial development.展开更多
Lake-level changes can significantly affect paleoenvironmental evolution,resource occurrence,terrestrial carbon budget,and biodiversity in continental basins.Climate is one of the most critical factors controlling lak...Lake-level changes can significantly affect paleoenvironmental evolution,resource occurrence,terrestrial carbon budget,and biodiversity in continental basins.Climate is one of the most critical factors controlling lake-level changes.Paleoclimate of the Early Jurassic has been evidenced by oscillating icehouses to(super)greenhouses with interrupted intermittent extreme climatic events(hyperthermal and cooling),e.g.,the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event(~183 Ma)and the late Pliensbachian cooling event(~185 Ma).Lake-level evolution and hydrologic cycling on Earth’s surface during the Early Jurassic icehouses-to-(super)greenhouses are thus far poorly understood due to a lack of continuous high-resolution nonmarine evidence.Here we present a super-long nonmarine lake level record for this pivotal interval from the early Pliensbachian to Toarcian by sedimentary noise modeling,and construct a 16.7-Myr-long astronomical time scale(174.2 Ma to 190.9 Ma)based on cyclostratigraphy analysis of rock color datasets(CIE b*)of the Qaidam Basin.Our results document lake-level oscillations on a 5-to 10-million-year(Myr)scale which shows a pronounced correlation with long-term climate variation and extreme climatic events,and 1-to 2.5-Myr-scale lake-level changes that are prominently paced by the 2.4-Myr long-eccentricity forcing and the 1.2-Myr obliquity forcing.At the Pliensbachian Stage,the 1.2-Myr-scale lake-level changes are in phase with the coeval sealevel variations.Orbitally forced growth and decay of the ephemeral or permanent ice sheets in polar regions are interpreted to control the synchronous ups-and-downs of continental lake level and global sea level.However,during the Toarcian ice-free greenhouses to(super)greenhouses,the 1.2-Myr-scale lake-level variations show an anti-phase relationship with global sea level,indicating a‘seesaw’interaction between continental reservoirs(lakes and groundwater)and global oceans.The 2.4-Myr longeccentricity cycles mainly regulate variations of lake level and sea level by controlling the growth and decay of small-scale continental ice sheets,which is especially notable during the Pliensbachian Stage.These findings indicate a remarkable transition of hydrological cycling pattern during the Pliensbachian-Toarcian icehouses to(super)greenhouses,which provides new perspectives and evidence for investigating the hypothesis of global sea-level changes(e.g.,glacio-eustasy and aquifer-eustasy)and long-period astronomical forcing in nonmarine stratigraphy.展开更多
With many merits such as facile synthesis,economy,and relatively high theoretical capacity,Prussian blue analogs(PBAs)are considered promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,their practical a...With many merits such as facile synthesis,economy,and relatively high theoretical capacity,Prussian blue analogs(PBAs)are considered promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,their practical applications still suffer from a low actual specific capacity and inferior stability owing to the imperfect crystallinity,irreversible phase transition,and low intrinsic conductivity.Herein,a surface-modification technique for vapor-phase molecular self-assembly was developed to prepare Fe-based PBAs,specifically sodium iron hexacyanoferrate(NaFeHCF),with a uniform conductive polymer protective layer of polypyrrole(PPy)on the surface,resulting in NaFeHCF@PPy.The incorporation of a PPy protective layer not only improves the electronic conductivity of NaFeHCF@PPy,but also effectively mitigates the dissolution of Fe-ions during cycling.Specifically,this advanced vapor-phase technique avoids Fe^(2+)oxidation and Na^(+)loss during liquid-phase surface modification.The NaFeHCF@PPy exhibited a remarkably enhanced cycling performance,with capacity retentions of 85.6%and 69.1%over 500 and 1000 cycles,respectively,at 200 mA/g,along with a superior rate performance up to 5 A/g(fast kinetics).Additionally,by adopting this strategy for Mn-based PBAs(NaMnHCF@PPy),we further demonstrated the universality of this method for PBA cathodes in SIBs.展开更多
Two-/three-dimensional(2D/3D)heterojunction-based photodetectors have attracted much attention due to their highly efficient photoelectric conversion driven by the built-in electric field for high-speed photoresponse....Two-/three-dimensional(2D/3D)heterojunction-based photodetectors have attracted much attention due to their highly efficient photoelectric conversion driven by the built-in electric field for high-speed photoresponse.However,a large dark current induced by unexpected surface states at the interface between 2D materials and 3D bulks is widely observed in such structures,greatly degrading their optoelectronic performance.Herein,a heterojunction of proton acid HCl treated MXene(H-MXene)/TiO_(2)/Si via integrating surface and interface engineering is fabricated,which exhibits decreased dark current and improved environmental stability.A feasible strategy to optimize the interface properties between MXene and Si is proposed by an in-situ oxidation process of MXene into TiO_(2),resulting in a suppressed dark current as well as high specific detectivity.Benefitting from the enhanced light absorption of MXene on the bulk Si substrate,the photoresponse of as-fabricated devices in the near-infrared region is also elevated.Moreover,the treatment of proton acid HCl on the surface of MXene brings better conductivity and environmental stability due to the decreased layer spacing of MXene,which is further confirmed by both experimental and theoretical methods.This work opens a unique way to comprehensively boost the optoelectronic performance of MXene-based photodetectors.展开更多
[ Objective] The reseamh aimed to discuss eco-efficiency of the agro-ecosystem in Dongting Lake area of Hunan. [ Method] By referring to emergy reseamh method, emergy structure, function and efficiency of the system w...[ Objective] The reseamh aimed to discuss eco-efficiency of the agro-ecosystem in Dongting Lake area of Hunan. [ Method] By referring to emergy reseamh method, emergy structure, function and efficiency of the system were analyzed according to emergy input -output data of the system in 2009. [ Result] The system had developed economy, and mechanization and modernization degrees were higher. Emergy output of the system was unbalanced, and market pricing of the agricultural product was significantly lower, especially farming product. Seen from sustainable development index and environmental loading ratio of the system, the system was full of vitality and development potential. The pressure of natural resources and environment was not very great, but the system accommodated too many populations. [ Conclusion] Basic direction of the agricultur- al policy in the zone was further shortening industrial and agricultural price scissors, continuing to implement price protection of the farming product, adjusting agricultural and product structures and transferring surplus labor.展开更多
In this paper,we deal with both velocity control and force control of a single-rod electro-hydraulic actuator subject to external disturbances and parameter uncertainties.In some implementations,both velocity control ...In this paper,we deal with both velocity control and force control of a single-rod electro-hydraulic actuator subject to external disturbances and parameter uncertainties.In some implementations,both velocity control and force control are required.Impedance control and an extended disturbance observer are combined to solve this issue.Impedance control is applied to regulate the dynamic relationship between the velocity and output force of the actuator,which can help avoid impact and keep a proper contact force on the environment or workpieces.Parameters of impedance rules are regulated by a fuzzy algorithm.An extended disturbance observer is employed to account for external disturbances and parameter uncertainties to achieve an accurate velocity tracking.A detailed model of load force dynamics is presented for the development of the extended disturbance observer.The stability of the whole system is analyzed.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy has not only a high velocity tracking performance,but also a good force adjustment performance,and that it should be widely applied in construction and assembly.展开更多
Two dimensional (2D) nanocrystals of noble metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Pt) often have unique structural and environmental properties which make them useful for applications in electronics, optics, sensors and biomedi- c...Two dimensional (2D) nanocrystals of noble metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Pt) often have unique structural and environmental properties which make them useful for applications in electronics, optics, sensors and biomedi- cines. In recent years, there has been a focus on discovering the fundamental mechanisms which govern the synthesis of the diverse geometries of these 2D metal nanocrystals (e.g., shapes, thickness, and lateral sizes). This has resulted in being able to better control the properties of these 2D structures for specific applications. In this review, a brief historical survey of the intrinsic anisotropic properties and quantum size effects of 2D noble metal nanocrystals is given and then a summary of synthetic approaches to control their shapes and sizes is presented. The unique properties and fascinating applica- tions of these nanocrystals are also discussed.展开更多
Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants among monocotyledonous species and is grown extensively in subtropical regions.Although bamboo has high economic value and produces much biomass quickly,gene functional rese...Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants among monocotyledonous species and is grown extensively in subtropical regions.Although bamboo has high economic value and produces much biomass quickly,gene functional research is hindered by the low efficiency of genetic transformation in this species.We therefore explored the potential of a bamboo mosaic virus(BaMV)-mediated expression system to investigate genotype-phenotype associations.We determined that the sites between the triple gene block proteins(TGBps)and the coat protein(CP)of BaMV are the most efficient insertion sites for the expression of exogenous genes in both monopodial and sympodial bamboo species.Moreover,we validated this system by individually overexpressing the two endogenous genes ACE1 and DEC1,which resulted in the promotion and suppression of intemode elongation,respectively.In particular,this system was able to drive the expression of three 2A-linked betalain biosynthesis genes(more than 4 kb in length)to produce betalain,indicating that it has high cargo capacity and may provide the prerequisite basis for the development of a DNA-free bamboo genome editing platform in the future.Since BaMV can infect multiple bamboo species,we anticipate that the system described in this study will greatly contribute to gene function research and further promote the molecular breeding of bamboo.展开更多
Comprehensive Summary Regioselective electrochemical hydroalkylations of[60]fullerene-fused furochromenone with alky halides under different acidic conditions unexpectedly afford three types of tetra-functionalized[60...Comprehensive Summary Regioselective electrochemical hydroalkylations of[60]fullerene-fused furochromenone with alky halides under different acidic conditions unexpectedly afford three types of tetra-functionalized[60]fullerene derivatives in high yields.When acetic acid is used as the proton source,two 1,2,3,4-adducts with retained or rearranged five-membered heterocycle are obtained as major and minor products,respectively.While trifluoroacetic acid is employed as the proton source,1,2,3,16-adducts and 1,2,3,4-adducts,both with the five-membered heterocycle rearranged from[6,6]-junction to[5,6]-junction,are generated.Intriguingly,the obtained 1,2,3,16-adducts can be transformed into 1,2,3,4-adducts accompanied by rearrangement of the fused five-membered heterocycle from[5,6]-junction to[6,6]-junction.These products have been characterized by spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray analysis.Moreover,the two 1,2,3,4-adducts with the heterocycle fused to[5,6]-junction or[6,6]-junction show diagnostic UV-vis spectra,which may be useful for the identification of these two types of 1,2,3,4-adducts in the future.A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed to elucidate the formation of hydroalkylation products in the presence of different acids.展开更多
Rapid development of renewable energy in China is driving a major shift in the characteristics and control requirements of the electricity grid.Since the best renewable energy resources are far away from load centers ...Rapid development of renewable energy in China is driving a major shift in the characteristics and control requirements of the electricity grid.Since the best renewable energy resources are far away from load centers in the east and southeast,transmission over long distances is required.Over 20 high-voltage DC(HVDC)transmission lines,with a combined capacity exceeding 150 GW,are in operation or are currently under construction.This rapid expansion of new generation and transmission capacities based on power electronics starts to change the characteristics of the grid,especially in areas where they concentrate,creating new stability problems and operational challenges.New system theories and technologies are required to support the development and operation of a future grid that relies more and more on power electronics.This paper highlights the characteristics of power electronics as used in renewable energy generation and HVDC transmission systems,discusses the impacts of these power-electronics-based assets on grid stability and operational requirements,and identifies opportunities for the development of both new system theories and system technologies to support a national energy policy that emphasizes the use of clean energy.展开更多
In the Northeast China Grid(NCG),the percentage of wind power has reached nearly 20%of the total installed generation capacity,which causes increasing demands for deep peak-regulation capacity(DPC)during the operation...In the Northeast China Grid(NCG),the percentage of wind power has reached nearly 20%of the total installed generation capacity,which causes increasing demands for deep peak-regulation capacity(DPC)during the operation of power systems.The shortage of DPC has become a significant problem in the NCG which may lead to wind curtailments and affect the security of power systems as well as the heating needs for inhabitants.In order to cope with this DPC shortage issue,the deep peak-regulation market(DPM)was established and has been running steadily in the past few years in NCG.This paper elaborates on the roles of the market players and the operational processes of the DPM,of which the advancements in terms of management mechanism are summarized.Moreover,benefits of the DPM for social harmony,environmental protection and economic efficiency are analyzed,for which relevant evaluation indices are proposed.A five-unit simulation system is constructed to illustrate the operation and benefits of the DPM.And focusing on comparisons with the previous Two Rules,the case study of Liaoning Power Grid verifies further that the DPM is feasible and able to bring more benefits to grids.展开更多
Van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures provide a unique opportunity to develop various electronic and optoelectronic devices with specific functions by designing novel device structures,especially for bioinspired neuromor...Van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures provide a unique opportunity to develop various electronic and optoelectronic devices with specific functions by designing novel device structures,especially for bioinspired neuromorphic optoelectronic devices,which require the integration of nonvolatile memory and excellent optical responses.Here,we demonstrate a programmable optoelectronic synaptic floating-gate transistor based on multilayer graphene/h-BN/MoS2 vdW heterostructures,where both plasticity emulation and modulation were successfully realized in a single device.The dynamic tunneling process of photogenerated carriers through the as-fabricated vdW heterostructures contributed to a large memory ratio(105)between program and erase states.Our device can work as a functional or silent synapse by applying a program/erase voltage spike as a modulatory signal to determine the response to light stimulation,leading to a programmable operation in optoelectronic synaptic transistors.Moreover,an ultra-low energy consumption per light spike event(~2.5 fJ)was obtained in the program state owing to a suppressed noise current by program operation in our floating-gate transistor.This study proposes a feasible strategy to improve the functions of optoelectronic synaptic devices with ultra-low energy consumption based on vdW heterostructures designed for highly efficient artificial neural networks.展开更多
The correlated renewable energy farms are usually aggregated as a cluster in economic dispatch to relieve computational burden.This strategy can also achieve better performance since the precision of predicting the po...The correlated renewable energy farms are usually aggregated as a cluster in economic dispatch to relieve computational burden.This strategy can also achieve better performance since the precision of predicting the power generation of a cluster can be higher than those of individual farms.This paper proposes an optimal decomposition method to allocate dispatch schedules among renewable energy farms(REFs)in the cluster under existing stochastic optimization framework.The proposed model takes advantage of probabilistic characteristics of renewable generation to minimize the curtailment and ensure the feasibility of dispatch schedule of the clusters.Approximated tractable formulation and efficient solution method are the proposed to solve the proposed model.Numerical tests show that the proposed method achieves the optimal decomposition of dispatch schedule among REFs and facilitates the utilization of renewable generation.展开更多
The importance of accurately mapping and monitoring land cover changes over time is increasing,especially in rapidly growing coastal cities.In this study,three pairs of Landsat images of Yantai,a representative coasta...The importance of accurately mapping and monitoring land cover changes over time is increasing,especially in rapidly growing coastal cities.In this study,three pairs of Landsat images of Yantai,a representative coastal city in China,from 1989,1999,and 2009 were selected to monitor land cover changes and urban sprawl dynamics.To improve the classification accuracy,three classification methods together with the minimum noise fraction(MNF)and pixel purity index(PPI)calculations were performed on the images.The classification results showed that the overall five-class classification accuracies averaged 91.38%for the 20-year period,which produced an accuracy of 83.78%for change maps.The analysis of change maps indicated that from 1989 to 2009,the percentage of urban area increased from 31.41%to 50.28%of the total area,and the newly urbanized area was mainly located in residential areas and the reclaimed harbor region.Analysis of the relationships between urban area and its driving forces obtained from statistical data found that the urban sprawl of Yantai before 2000 was relatively extensive,which is consistent with the conclusion drawn by using remote sensing techniques.The research results could be used as inputs for sustainable urban management and establishing Digital Earth database.展开更多
Collating ancient books has a long history in China and has formed a kind of relatively stable pattern.In Han Dynasty,a famous philologist named Liu Xiang created a general procedure and a set of methods to collate Ch...Collating ancient books has a long history in China and has formed a kind of relatively stable pattern.In Han Dynasty,a famous philologist named Liu Xiang created a general procedure and a set of methods to collate Chinese ancient books,which included collecting various editions of the same book,choosing an appropriate title for the book,reordering papers,correcting words,making a fair copy of the final version,cataloging and classifying books.This procedure and the set展开更多
基金R.Ma thanks the support from PolyU Distinguished Postdoc Fellowship(1-YW4C)Z.Luo thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.22309119)+7 种基金J.Wu thanks the Guangdong government and the Guangzhou government for funding(2021QN02C110)the Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project(No.2023A03J0097 and 2023A03J0003)H.Yan appreciates the support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFA0705900)funded by MOST,the Basic and Applied Research Major Program of Guangdong Province(No.2019B030302007)the Shen Zhen Technology and Innovation Commission through(Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program,JCYJ20200109140801751)the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(research fellow scheme RFS2021-6S05,RIF project R6021-18,CRF project C6023‐19G,GRF project 16310019,16310020,16309221,and 16309822)Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission(ITC‐CNERC14SC01)Foshan‐HKUST(Project NO.FSUST19‐CAT0202)Zhongshan Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology(NO.ZSST20SC02)and Tencent Xplorer Prize。
文摘With plenty of popular and effective ternary organic solar cells(OSCs)construction strategies proposed and applied,its power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)have come to a new level of over 19%in single-junction devices.However,previous studies are heavily based in chloroform(CF)leaving behind substantial knowledge deficiencies in understanding the influence of solvent choice when introducing a third component.Herein,we present a case where a newly designed asymmetric small molecular acceptor using fluoro-methoxylated end-group modification strategy,named BTP-BO-3FO with enlarged bandgap,brings different morphological evolution and performance improvement effect on host system PM6:BTP-eC9,processed by CF and ortho-xylene(o-XY).With detailed analyses supported by a series of experiments,the best PCE of 19.24%for green solvent-processed OSCs is found to be a fruit of finely tuned crystalline ordering and general aggregation motif,which furthermore nourishes a favorable charge generation and recombination behavior.Likewise,over 19%PCE can be achieved by replacing spin-coating with blade coating for active layer deposition.This work focuses on understanding the commonly met yet frequently ignored issues when building ternary blends to demonstrate cutting-edge device performance,hence,will be instructive to other ternary OSC works in the future.
基金National Science and Technology Major Special Project,2016ZX05044CBM Development Technology and Pilot Test in East Yunnan and Western Guizhou.
文摘Detailed information is provided for the design and construction of nitrogen drilling in a coal seam.Two prototype wells are considered.The Guo model is used to calculate the required minimum gas injection rate,while the Finnie,Sommerfeld,and Tulsa models are exploited to estimate the ensuing erosion occurring in pipe strings.The calculated minimum gas injection rates are 67.4 m^(3)/min(with water)and 49.4 m^(3)/min(without water),and the actual field of use is 90–120 m^(3)/min.The difference between the calculated injection pressure and the field value is 6.5%–15.2%(formation with water)and 0.65%–7.32%(formation without water).The results show that the Guo model can more precisely represent the situation of the no water formation in the nitrogen drilling of a coal seam.The Finnie,Sommerfeld,and Tulsa models have different sensitivities to cutting densities,particle size,impact velocity and angle,and pipe string hardness.
文摘AI researchers typically formulated probabilistic planning under uncertainty problems using Markov Decision Processes (MDPs).Value Iteration is an inef?cient algorithm for MDPs, because it puts the majority of its effort into backing up the entire state space, which turns out to be unnecessary in many cases. In order to overcome this problem, many approaches have been proposed. Among them, LAO*, LRTDP and HDP are state-of-the-art ones. All of these use reach ability analysis and heuristics to avoid some unnecessary backups. However, none of these approaches fully exploit the graphical features of the MDPs or use these features to yield the best backup sequence of the state space. We introduce an improved algorithm named Topological Order Value Iteration (TOVI) that can circumvent the problem of unnecessary backups by detecting the structure of MDPs and backing up states based on topological sequences. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and excellent performance of our algorithm.
基金the support from the NSFC (22209131, 22005121, 21875182, and 52173023)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFE0132400)+4 种基金Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Project of Shaanxi Province (2020TD-002)111 project 2.0 (BP0618008)Open Fund of Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications (Changzhou University, GDRGCS2022002)Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education (Jiangxi Normal University, KFSEMC-202201)acquired at beamlines 7.3.3 and 11.0.1.2 at the Advanced Light Source, which is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC0205CH11231
文摘Power-conversion-efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)in laboratory,normally processed by spin-coating technology with toxic halogenated solvents,have reached over 19%.However,there is usually a marked PCE drop when the bladecoating and/or green-solvents toward large-scale printing are used instead,which hampers the practical development of OSCs.Here,a new series of N-alkyl-tailored small molecule acceptors named YR-SeNF with a same molecular main backbone are developed by combining selenium-fused central-core and naphthalene-fused endgroup.Thanks to the N-alkyl engineering,NIR-absorbing YR-SeNF series show different crystallinity,packing patterns,and miscibility with polymeric donor.The studies exhibit that the molecular packing,crystallinity,and vertical distribution of active layer morphologies are well optimized by introducing newly designed guest acceptor associated with tailored N-alkyl chains,providing the improved charge transfer dynamics and stability for the PM6:L8-BO:YRSeNF-based OSCs.As a result,a record-high PCE approaching 19%is achieved in the blade-coating OSCs fabricated from a greensolvent o-xylene with high-boiling point.Notably,ternary OSCs offer robust operating stability under maximum-power-point tracking and well-keep>80%of the initial PCEs for even over 400 h.Our alkyl-tailored guest acceptor strategy provides a unique approach to develop green-solvent and blade-coating processed high-efficiency and operating stable OSCs,which paves a way for industrial development.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41502108,42372206&41602123)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2016T90667)+1 种基金the China Scholarship Council Project(Grant No.201907770004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province(Grant No.NSFRF220401).
文摘Lake-level changes can significantly affect paleoenvironmental evolution,resource occurrence,terrestrial carbon budget,and biodiversity in continental basins.Climate is one of the most critical factors controlling lake-level changes.Paleoclimate of the Early Jurassic has been evidenced by oscillating icehouses to(super)greenhouses with interrupted intermittent extreme climatic events(hyperthermal and cooling),e.g.,the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event(~183 Ma)and the late Pliensbachian cooling event(~185 Ma).Lake-level evolution and hydrologic cycling on Earth’s surface during the Early Jurassic icehouses-to-(super)greenhouses are thus far poorly understood due to a lack of continuous high-resolution nonmarine evidence.Here we present a super-long nonmarine lake level record for this pivotal interval from the early Pliensbachian to Toarcian by sedimentary noise modeling,and construct a 16.7-Myr-long astronomical time scale(174.2 Ma to 190.9 Ma)based on cyclostratigraphy analysis of rock color datasets(CIE b*)of the Qaidam Basin.Our results document lake-level oscillations on a 5-to 10-million-year(Myr)scale which shows a pronounced correlation with long-term climate variation and extreme climatic events,and 1-to 2.5-Myr-scale lake-level changes that are prominently paced by the 2.4-Myr long-eccentricity forcing and the 1.2-Myr obliquity forcing.At the Pliensbachian Stage,the 1.2-Myr-scale lake-level changes are in phase with the coeval sealevel variations.Orbitally forced growth and decay of the ephemeral or permanent ice sheets in polar regions are interpreted to control the synchronous ups-and-downs of continental lake level and global sea level.However,during the Toarcian ice-free greenhouses to(super)greenhouses,the 1.2-Myr-scale lake-level variations show an anti-phase relationship with global sea level,indicating a‘seesaw’interaction between continental reservoirs(lakes and groundwater)and global oceans.The 2.4-Myr longeccentricity cycles mainly regulate variations of lake level and sea level by controlling the growth and decay of small-scale continental ice sheets,which is especially notable during the Pliensbachian Stage.These findings indicate a remarkable transition of hydrological cycling pattern during the Pliensbachian-Toarcian icehouses to(super)greenhouses,which provides new perspectives and evidence for investigating the hypothesis of global sea-level changes(e.g.,glacio-eustasy and aquifer-eustasy)and long-period astronomical forcing in nonmarine stratigraphy.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22379096,52271222,51971146,51971147,52171218,52371230)support of Shanghai Outstanding Academic Leaders Plan,the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.2019-01-07-00-07-E00015)+2 种基金Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.21PJ1411100)Shanghai Rising-Star Program(Nos.20QA1407100,21QA1406500)the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(Nos.21010503100,20ZR1438400,22ZR1443900).
文摘With many merits such as facile synthesis,economy,and relatively high theoretical capacity,Prussian blue analogs(PBAs)are considered promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,their practical applications still suffer from a low actual specific capacity and inferior stability owing to the imperfect crystallinity,irreversible phase transition,and low intrinsic conductivity.Herein,a surface-modification technique for vapor-phase molecular self-assembly was developed to prepare Fe-based PBAs,specifically sodium iron hexacyanoferrate(NaFeHCF),with a uniform conductive polymer protective layer of polypyrrole(PPy)on the surface,resulting in NaFeHCF@PPy.The incorporation of a PPy protective layer not only improves the electronic conductivity of NaFeHCF@PPy,but also effectively mitigates the dissolution of Fe-ions during cycling.Specifically,this advanced vapor-phase technique avoids Fe^(2+)oxidation and Na^(+)loss during liquid-phase surface modification.The NaFeHCF@PPy exhibited a remarkably enhanced cycling performance,with capacity retentions of 85.6%and 69.1%over 500 and 1000 cycles,respectively,at 200 mA/g,along with a superior rate performance up to 5 A/g(fast kinetics).Additionally,by adopting this strategy for Mn-based PBAs(NaMnHCF@PPy),we further demonstrated the universality of this method for PBA cathodes in SIBs.
基金H.P.W.from Tsinghua University contributed to the theoretical calculation.All the authors discussed and participated into the paper writing.The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62104017 and 62074015)the project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant 2022M720422Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars.
文摘Two-/three-dimensional(2D/3D)heterojunction-based photodetectors have attracted much attention due to their highly efficient photoelectric conversion driven by the built-in electric field for high-speed photoresponse.However,a large dark current induced by unexpected surface states at the interface between 2D materials and 3D bulks is widely observed in such structures,greatly degrading their optoelectronic performance.Herein,a heterojunction of proton acid HCl treated MXene(H-MXene)/TiO_(2)/Si via integrating surface and interface engineering is fabricated,which exhibits decreased dark current and improved environmental stability.A feasible strategy to optimize the interface properties between MXene and Si is proposed by an in-situ oxidation process of MXene into TiO_(2),resulting in a suppressed dark current as well as high specific detectivity.Benefitting from the enhanced light absorption of MXene on the bulk Si substrate,the photoresponse of as-fabricated devices in the near-infrared region is also elevated.Moreover,the treatment of proton acid HCl on the surface of MXene brings better conductivity and environmental stability due to the decreased layer spacing of MXene,which is further confirmed by both experimental and theoretical methods.This work opens a unique way to comprehensively boost the optoelectronic performance of MXene-based photodetectors.
基金Supported by National Social Science Fund Project,China(11BJY029)Key Project of Soft Science in Hunan Province,China(2011ZK2046)+1 种基金Social Science Fund Project of Hunan Province,China(2010YBB348)Science Research Project of Department of Education in Hunan Province,China(12C0465)
文摘[ Objective] The reseamh aimed to discuss eco-efficiency of the agro-ecosystem in Dongting Lake area of Hunan. [ Method] By referring to emergy reseamh method, emergy structure, function and efficiency of the system were analyzed according to emergy input -output data of the system in 2009. [ Result] The system had developed economy, and mechanization and modernization degrees were higher. Emergy output of the system was unbalanced, and market pricing of the agricultural product was significantly lower, especially farming product. Seen from sustainable development index and environmental loading ratio of the system, the system was full of vitality and development potential. The pressure of natural resources and environment was not very great, but the system accommodated too many populations. [ Conclusion] Basic direction of the agricultur- al policy in the zone was further shortening industrial and agricultural price scissors, continuing to implement price protection of the farming product, adjusting agricultural and product structures and transferring surplus labor.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51605256)the National High-Tech R&D Program(863)of China(No.2012AA041803)and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2016M590633)。
文摘In this paper,we deal with both velocity control and force control of a single-rod electro-hydraulic actuator subject to external disturbances and parameter uncertainties.In some implementations,both velocity control and force control are required.Impedance control and an extended disturbance observer are combined to solve this issue.Impedance control is applied to regulate the dynamic relationship between the velocity and output force of the actuator,which can help avoid impact and keep a proper contact force on the environment or workpieces.Parameters of impedance rules are regulated by a fuzzy algorithm.An extended disturbance observer is employed to account for external disturbances and parameter uncertainties to achieve an accurate velocity tracking.A detailed model of load force dynamics is presented for the development of the extended disturbance observer.The stability of the whole system is analyzed.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy has not only a high velocity tracking performance,but also a good force adjustment performance,and that it should be widely applied in construction and assembly.
基金Acknowledgements National Key Technology R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology (No. 2015BADI4B06), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21474125), Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fiber Materials and Textiles and Chinese "1000 Youth Talent Program" are kindly acknowledged for financial support.
文摘Two dimensional (2D) nanocrystals of noble metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Pt) often have unique structural and environmental properties which make them useful for applications in electronics, optics, sensors and biomedi- cines. In recent years, there has been a focus on discovering the fundamental mechanisms which govern the synthesis of the diverse geometries of these 2D metal nanocrystals (e.g., shapes, thickness, and lateral sizes). This has resulted in being able to better control the properties of these 2D structures for specific applications. In this review, a brief historical survey of the intrinsic anisotropic properties and quantum size effects of 2D noble metal nanocrystals is given and then a summary of synthetic approaches to control their shapes and sizes is presented. The unique properties and fascinating applica- tions of these nanocrystals are also discussed.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2200505)a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971734)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2021J02027)the Forestry Peak Discipline Construction Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(72202200205)。
文摘Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants among monocotyledonous species and is grown extensively in subtropical regions.Although bamboo has high economic value and produces much biomass quickly,gene functional research is hindered by the low efficiency of genetic transformation in this species.We therefore explored the potential of a bamboo mosaic virus(BaMV)-mediated expression system to investigate genotype-phenotype associations.We determined that the sites between the triple gene block proteins(TGBps)and the coat protein(CP)of BaMV are the most efficient insertion sites for the expression of exogenous genes in both monopodial and sympodial bamboo species.Moreover,we validated this system by individually overexpressing the two endogenous genes ACE1 and DEC1,which resulted in the promotion and suppression of intemode elongation,respectively.In particular,this system was able to drive the expression of three 2A-linked betalain biosynthesis genes(more than 4 kb in length)to produce betalain,indicating that it has high cargo capacity and may provide the prerequisite basis for the development of a DNA-free bamboo genome editing platform in the future.Since BaMV can infect multiple bamboo species,we anticipate that the system described in this study will greatly contribute to gene function research and further promote the molecular breeding of bamboo.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22071231).
文摘Comprehensive Summary Regioselective electrochemical hydroalkylations of[60]fullerene-fused furochromenone with alky halides under different acidic conditions unexpectedly afford three types of tetra-functionalized[60]fullerene derivatives in high yields.When acetic acid is used as the proton source,two 1,2,3,4-adducts with retained or rearranged five-membered heterocycle are obtained as major and minor products,respectively.While trifluoroacetic acid is employed as the proton source,1,2,3,16-adducts and 1,2,3,4-adducts,both with the five-membered heterocycle rearranged from[6,6]-junction to[5,6]-junction,are generated.Intriguingly,the obtained 1,2,3,16-adducts can be transformed into 1,2,3,4-adducts accompanied by rearrangement of the fused five-membered heterocycle from[5,6]-junction to[6,6]-junction.These products have been characterized by spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray analysis.Moreover,the two 1,2,3,4-adducts with the heterocycle fused to[5,6]-junction or[6,6]-junction show diagnostic UV-vis spectra,which may be useful for the identification of these two types of 1,2,3,4-adducts in the future.A plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed to elucidate the formation of hydroalkylation products in the presence of different acids.
基金supported in part by the State Grid Science and Technology Project“Impedance-Based Modeling and Control of Distributed Generation Systems”(NYB1720170218).
文摘Rapid development of renewable energy in China is driving a major shift in the characteristics and control requirements of the electricity grid.Since the best renewable energy resources are far away from load centers in the east and southeast,transmission over long distances is required.Over 20 high-voltage DC(HVDC)transmission lines,with a combined capacity exceeding 150 GW,are in operation or are currently under construction.This rapid expansion of new generation and transmission capacities based on power electronics starts to change the characteristics of the grid,especially in areas where they concentrate,creating new stability problems and operational challenges.New system theories and technologies are required to support the development and operation of a future grid that relies more and more on power electronics.This paper highlights the characteristics of power electronics as used in renewable energy generation and HVDC transmission systems,discusses the impacts of these power-electronics-based assets on grid stability and operational requirements,and identifies opportunities for the development of both new system theories and system technologies to support a national energy policy that emphasizes the use of clean energy.
基金This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Technology and application of wind power/photovoltaic power prediction for promoting renewable energy consumption,2018YFB0904200)eponymous Complement S&T Program of State Grid Corporation of China(SGLNDKOOKJJS1800266).
文摘In the Northeast China Grid(NCG),the percentage of wind power has reached nearly 20%of the total installed generation capacity,which causes increasing demands for deep peak-regulation capacity(DPC)during the operation of power systems.The shortage of DPC has become a significant problem in the NCG which may lead to wind curtailments and affect the security of power systems as well as the heating needs for inhabitants.In order to cope with this DPC shortage issue,the deep peak-regulation market(DPM)was established and has been running steadily in the past few years in NCG.This paper elaborates on the roles of the market players and the operational processes of the DPM,of which the advancements in terms of management mechanism are summarized.Moreover,benefits of the DPM for social harmony,environmental protection and economic efficiency are analyzed,for which relevant evaluation indices are proposed.A five-unit simulation system is constructed to illustrate the operation and benefits of the DPM.And focusing on comparisons with the previous Two Rules,the case study of Liaoning Power Grid verifies further that the DPM is feasible and able to bring more benefits to grids.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:62104017,52072204,62074015National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents of China,Grant/Award Number:BX20200049China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:2021M690013。
文摘Van der Waals(vdW)heterostructures provide a unique opportunity to develop various electronic and optoelectronic devices with specific functions by designing novel device structures,especially for bioinspired neuromorphic optoelectronic devices,which require the integration of nonvolatile memory and excellent optical responses.Here,we demonstrate a programmable optoelectronic synaptic floating-gate transistor based on multilayer graphene/h-BN/MoS2 vdW heterostructures,where both plasticity emulation and modulation were successfully realized in a single device.The dynamic tunneling process of photogenerated carriers through the as-fabricated vdW heterostructures contributed to a large memory ratio(105)between program and erase states.Our device can work as a functional or silent synapse by applying a program/erase voltage spike as a modulatory signal to determine the response to light stimulation,leading to a programmable operation in optoelectronic synaptic transistors.Moreover,an ultra-low energy consumption per light spike event(~2.5 fJ)was obtained in the program state owing to a suppressed noise current by program operation in our floating-gate transistor.This study proposes a feasible strategy to improve the functions of optoelectronic synaptic devices with ultra-low energy consumption based on vdW heterostructures designed for highly efficient artificial neural networks.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China“Technology and Application of wind Power/Photovoltaic Power Prediction for Promoting Renewable Energy Consumption”(No.2018YFB0904200)eponymous Complement S&T Program of State Grid Corporation of China(No.SGLNDKOOKJJS1800266).
文摘The correlated renewable energy farms are usually aggregated as a cluster in economic dispatch to relieve computational burden.This strategy can also achieve better performance since the precision of predicting the power generation of a cluster can be higher than those of individual farms.This paper proposes an optimal decomposition method to allocate dispatch schedules among renewable energy farms(REFs)in the cluster under existing stochastic optimization framework.The proposed model takes advantage of probabilistic characteristics of renewable generation to minimize the curtailment and ensure the feasibility of dispatch schedule of the clusters.Approximated tractable formulation and efficient solution method are the proposed to solve the proposed model.Numerical tests show that the proposed method achieves the optimal decomposition of dispatch schedule among REFs and facilitates the utilization of renewable generation.
基金This study was supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.kzcx2-yw-224)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40801016)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2009EM005).
文摘The importance of accurately mapping and monitoring land cover changes over time is increasing,especially in rapidly growing coastal cities.In this study,three pairs of Landsat images of Yantai,a representative coastal city in China,from 1989,1999,and 2009 were selected to monitor land cover changes and urban sprawl dynamics.To improve the classification accuracy,three classification methods together with the minimum noise fraction(MNF)and pixel purity index(PPI)calculations were performed on the images.The classification results showed that the overall five-class classification accuracies averaged 91.38%for the 20-year period,which produced an accuracy of 83.78%for change maps.The analysis of change maps indicated that from 1989 to 2009,the percentage of urban area increased from 31.41%to 50.28%of the total area,and the newly urbanized area was mainly located in residential areas and the reclaimed harbor region.Analysis of the relationships between urban area and its driving forces obtained from statistical data found that the urban sprawl of Yantai before 2000 was relatively extensive,which is consistent with the conclusion drawn by using remote sensing techniques.The research results could be used as inputs for sustainable urban management and establishing Digital Earth database.
文摘Collating ancient books has a long history in China and has formed a kind of relatively stable pattern.In Han Dynasty,a famous philologist named Liu Xiang created a general procedure and a set of methods to collate Chinese ancient books,which included collecting various editions of the same book,choosing an appropriate title for the book,reordering papers,correcting words,making a fair copy of the final version,cataloging and classifying books.This procedure and the set