Deep-Learning-Based Production Decline Curve Analysis in the Gas Reservoir through Sequence Learning Models

Production performance prediction of tight gas reservoirs is crucial to the estimation of ultimate recovery,which has an important impact on gas field development planning and economic evaluation.Owing to the model’s simplicity,the decline curve analysis method has been widely used to predict production performance.The advancement of deep-learning methods provides an intelligent way of analyzing production performance in tight gas reservoirs.In this paper,a sequence learning method to improve the accuracy and efficiency of tight gas production forecasting is proposed.The sequence learning methods used in production performance analysis herein include the recurrent neural network(RNN),long short-term memory(LSTM)neural network,and gated recurrent unit(GRU)neural network,and their performance in the tight gas reservoir production prediction is investigated and compared.To further improve the performance of the sequence learning method,the hyperparameters in the sequence learning methods are optimized through a particle swarm optimization algorithm,which can greatly simplify the optimization process of the neural network model in an automated manner.Results show that the optimized GRU and RNN models have more compact neural network structures than the LSTM model and that the GRU is more efficiently trained.The predictive performance of LSTM and GRU is similar,and both are better than the RNN and the decline curve analysis model and thus can be used to predict tight gas production.

Profibrotic role of the SOX9-MMP10-ECM biosynthesis axis in the tracheal fibrosis after injury and repair

Fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix(ECM)deposition play an important role in the tracheal abnormal repair process and fibrosis.As a transcription factor,SOX9 is involved in fibroblast activation and ECM deposition.However,the mechanism of how SOX9 regulates fibrosis after tracheal injury remains unclear.We investigated the role of SOX9 in TGF-b1-induced fibroblast activation and ECM deposition in rat tracheal fibroblast(RTF)cells.SOX9 overexpression adenovirus(Ad-SOX9)and siRNA were transfected into RTF cells.We found that SOX9 expression was up-regulated in RTF cells treated with TGF-b1.SOX9 overexpression activated fibroblasts and promoted ECM deposition.Silencing SOX9 inhibited cell proliferation,migration,and ECM deposition,induced G2 arrest,and increased apoptosis in RTF cells.RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing(ChIP-seq)assays identified MMP10,a matrix metalloproteinase involved in ECM deposition,as a direct target of SOX9,which promotes ECM degradation by increasing MMP10 expression through the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway.Furthermore,in vivo,SOX9 knockdown ameliorated granulation proliferation and tracheal fibrosis,as manifested by reduced tracheal stenosis.In conclusion,our findings indicate that SOX9 can drive fibroblast activation,cell proliferation,and apoptosis resistance in tracheal fibrosis via the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway.The SOX9eMMP10 eECM biosynthesis axis plays an important role in tracheal injury and repair.Targeting SOX9 and its downstream target MMP10 may represent a promising therapeutic approach for tracheal fibrosis.

Recent progress and future prospects for mechanized harvesting of fruit crops with shaking systems

Mechanized harvesting technologies with shaking systems for fruit industry have been widely investigated and significantly developed over the past several decades which were presented by a large amount of literature.This paper reviews the research and development progress of mechanized harvesting of fruits systematically with a focus on the theoretical study,fruit crop variety,shaking system categories,abscission chemical agents,and their actual applications.Based on the comprehensive review,mechanized harvesting systems for different fruit crops appear multifarious shaking modes with various vibratory mechanisms and structural dimensions.Major advantages in the development of fruit mechanical harvesting with effective vibratory patterns and catching frames provide a series of economic and agronomic benefits,such as reducing labor costs,promoting standardized planting,and increasing productivity.However,fruit injury and tree damage are the main reasons why mechanical shaking systems are rarely used for fresh fruit harvesting because of tenderness and frangibility of the fruit crops.Therefore,more efforts should be concentrated on the innovative shake-and-catch system with suitable frequency and amplitude to achieve low fruit damage or even nondestructive harvesting for fresh fruit market.This overview summarized the advantages and bottlenecks of these shaking systems for fruit harvesting and proposed the challenges and some constructive prospective viewpoints aimed at the major issues of mechanical harvesting techniques.In addition,employing sorting technologies to classify the postharvest fruits provide a new direction for the further development of mechanized harvesting in high-value fruit crops,as well as bring more benefits to growers and increase their interest in equipment investment on the mechanical shaking harvester for the fruit industry.

Extracellular calcium elicits feedforward regulation of the roll-like receptor-triggered innate immune response

Despite the expanding knowledge on feedback regulation of Toll-like receptor （TLR） signaling, the feedforward regulation of TLR signaling for the proper innate response to invading microbes is not fully understood. Here, we report that extracellular calcium can coordinate the activation of the small GTPases Ras and Ras-proximate-1 （Rap1） upon TLR stimulation which favors activation of macrophages through a feedforward mechanism. We show that different doses of TLR agonists can trigger different levels of cytokine production, which can be potentiated by extracellular calcium but are impaired by the chelating reagent ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid （EGTA） or by knockdown of stromal interaction molecule 1 （STIM1）. Upon TLR engagement, GTP-bound Ras levels are increased and GTP-bound Rap1 is decreased, which can be reversed by EGTA-mediated removal of extracellular calcium. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Rap1 knockdown rescues the inhibitory effects of EGTA on the TLR-triggered innate response. Examination of the TLR signaling pathway reveals that extracellular calcium may regulate the TLR response via feedforward activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Our data suggest that an influx of extracellular calcium, mediated by STIM 1-operated calcium channels, may transmit the information about the intensity of extracellular TLR stimuli to initiate innate responses at an appropriate level. Our study may provide mechanistic insight into the feedforward regulation of the TLR-triggered innate immune response.

Experimental determination of restitution coefficient of garlic bulb based on high-speed photography

Restitution coefficient(RC)of garlic bulb is an important mechanical property that is required to establish the kinematics model of bulb collision and research the damage mechanism of bulb collision.In this study,kinetic equations of bulb collision were established based on Hertz's contact theory.The kinematics characteristics,elastoplastic deformation and contact damage during bulb collision were analyzed by using high-speed photography.The effects of bulb mass,moisture content,collision material,material thickness and release height on the RC were investigated by mixed orthogonal experiments and single-factor experiments.The results showed that the movement of bulb in the compression stage was translation,and the movement in the rebound stage was translation and rotation.During collision,the larger the rotational angular velocity of the bulb was,the smaller the measured RC would be.The contact damage of bulb included internal damage of the tissue,epidermis stretch and tear.The significance of effects of factors on RC decreased with the following sequence:collision material,release height,material thickness,bulb mass,and moisture content.Collision material,release height,material thickness,and bulb mass were significant factors.The RC between the bulb and Q235,nylon,and rubber decreased sequentially.The RC decreased with the increase of release height and bulb mass.The RC increased with the increase of material thickness of Q235,while it decreased with the increase of material thickness of rubber or Nylon.The determination coefficients of the regression equations between the significant factors and the RC were all greater than 0.96.The results will be helpful for damage mechanism analysis and design of garlic production equipment.

TRIM41 is required to innate antiviral response by polyubiquitinating BCL10 and recruiting NEMO

Sensing of pathogenic nucleic acids by pattern recognition receptors(PRR)not only initiates anti-microbe defense but causes inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.E3 ubiquitin ligase(s)critical in innate response need to be further identified.Here we report that the tripartite motif-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM41 is required to innate antiviral response through facilitating pathogenic nucleic acids-triggered signaling pathway.TRIM41 deficiency impairs the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons in macrophages after transfection with nucleic acid-mimics and infection with both DNA and RNA viruses.In vivo,TRIM41 deficiency leads to impaired innate response against viruses.Mechanistically,TRIM41 directly interacts with BCL10(B cell lymphoma 10),a core component of CARD proteins-BCL10—MALT1(CBM)complex,and modifies the Lys63-linked polyubiquitylation of BCL10,which,in turn,hubs NEMO for activation of NF-kB and TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1)—interferon regulatory factor 3(IRF3)pathways.Our study suggests that TRIM41 is the potential universal E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for Lys63 linkage of BCL10 during innate antiviral response,adding new insight into the molecular mechanism for the control of innate antiviral response.

Computational and experimental investigation of laminar flow mixing system in a pitched-blade turbine stirred tank

The flow distribution and mixing performance of the laminar flow in the PBT impeller-stirred tank were investigated in this study.The variation along with mixing time of the flow distribution and concentration at the selected positions was visualized by means of the CFD and experiment methods.The CFD simulations results had a good agreement with the experimental results.In order to minish the Segregated Regions,the PBT impeller was optimally designed by means of orthogonal factorial experiment with selecting theθ99 mixing time as evaluation criteria.With the aim to increase the mixing efficiency,the optimal design results were obtained with the geometrical parameters of impeller diameter of 0.084 m,discharge angle of 45º,blade width of 0.018 m,and clearance of 0.05 m,and the mixing time of the optimal impeller-stirred flow was about 180 s,so this optimal design PBT impeller is more proper for the agricultural industries.