The far-field imaging properties of a high index microsphere lens spatially separated from the object are experimentally studied. Our experimental results show that, for a Blu-ray disk whose spacing is 300 nm, the hig...The far-field imaging properties of a high index microsphere lens spatially separated from the object are experimentally studied. Our experimental results show that, for a Blu-ray disk whose spacing is 300 nm, the high index microsphere lens also can discern the patterns of the object sample when the distance between the lens and the object is up to 5.4 μm. When the distance is increased from 0 to 5.4 μm, for the microsphere lens with a diameter of 24 μm, the lateral magnification increases from 3.5× to 5.5×, while the field of view decreases from 5.1 to 3.0 μm. By varying the distance between the lens and the object, the optical image can be optimized. We also indicate that the far-field imaging capability of a high index microsphere lens is dependent on the electromagnetic field intensityprofile of the photonic nanojet under different positions of the microsphere lens.展开更多
Neuroadaptations of glutamatergic transmission in the limbic reward circuitry are linked to persistent drug addiction.Accumulating data have demonstrated roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors and groupⅠandⅡmetabot...Neuroadaptations of glutamatergic transmission in the limbic reward circuitry are linked to persistent drug addiction.Accumulating data have demonstrated roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors and groupⅠandⅡmetabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs)in this event.Emerging evidence also identifies Gαi/o-coupled groupⅢmGluRs(mGluR4/7/8 subtypes enriched in the limbic system)as direct substrates of drugs of abuse and active regulators of drug action.Auto-and heteroreceptors of mGluR4/7/8 reside predominantly on nerve terminals of glutamatergic corticostriatal and GABAergic striatopallidal pathways,respectively.These presynaptic receptors regulate basal and/or phasic release of respective transmitters to maintain basal ganglia homeostasis.In response to operant administration of common addictive drugs,such as psychostimulants(cocaine and amphetamine),alcohol and opiates,limbic groupⅢmGluRs undergo drastic adaptations to contribute to the enduring remodeling of excitatory synapses and to usually suppress drug seeking behavior.As a result,a loss-of-function mutation(knockout)of individual groupⅢreceptor subtypes often promotes drug seeking.This review summarizes the data from recent studies on three groupⅢreceptor subtypes(mGluR4/7/8)expressed in the basal ganglia and analyzes their roles in the regulation of dopamine and glutamate signaling in the striatum and their participation in the addictive properties of three major classes of drugs(psychostimulants,alcohol,and opiates).展开更多
基金financial support for this research from the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (No. 20133207110007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61475073)
文摘The far-field imaging properties of a high index microsphere lens spatially separated from the object are experimentally studied. Our experimental results show that, for a Blu-ray disk whose spacing is 300 nm, the high index microsphere lens also can discern the patterns of the object sample when the distance between the lens and the object is up to 5.4 μm. When the distance is increased from 0 to 5.4 μm, for the microsphere lens with a diameter of 24 μm, the lateral magnification increases from 3.5× to 5.5×, while the field of view decreases from 5.1 to 3.0 μm. By varying the distance between the lens and the object, the optical image can be optimized. We also indicate that the far-field imaging capability of a high index microsphere lens is dependent on the electromagnetic field intensityprofile of the photonic nanojet under different positions of the microsphere lens.
文摘Neuroadaptations of glutamatergic transmission in the limbic reward circuitry are linked to persistent drug addiction.Accumulating data have demonstrated roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors and groupⅠandⅡmetabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs)in this event.Emerging evidence also identifies Gαi/o-coupled groupⅢmGluRs(mGluR4/7/8 subtypes enriched in the limbic system)as direct substrates of drugs of abuse and active regulators of drug action.Auto-and heteroreceptors of mGluR4/7/8 reside predominantly on nerve terminals of glutamatergic corticostriatal and GABAergic striatopallidal pathways,respectively.These presynaptic receptors regulate basal and/or phasic release of respective transmitters to maintain basal ganglia homeostasis.In response to operant administration of common addictive drugs,such as psychostimulants(cocaine and amphetamine),alcohol and opiates,limbic groupⅢmGluRs undergo drastic adaptations to contribute to the enduring remodeling of excitatory synapses and to usually suppress drug seeking behavior.As a result,a loss-of-function mutation(knockout)of individual groupⅢreceptor subtypes often promotes drug seeking.This review summarizes the data from recent studies on three groupⅢreceptor subtypes(mGluR4/7/8)expressed in the basal ganglia and analyzes their roles in the regulation of dopamine and glutamate signaling in the striatum and their participation in the addictive properties of three major classes of drugs(psychostimulants,alcohol,and opiates).
