Targeted therapy has been widely demonstrated as an effective strategy to treat cancers,the leading cause of death in the world.This minireview summarizes the technical platforms and methodologies utilized to develop ...Targeted therapy has been widely demonstrated as an effective strategy to treat cancers,the leading cause of death in the world.This minireview summarizes the technical platforms and methodologies utilized to develop and engineer therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates.First,the USA FDA approved monoclonal antibody(mAb)-based targeted therapies are reviewed.Then the representative innovative chimeric,humanized and fully human anti-cancer antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates are described.Finally,the past and predictive market trend of therapeutic antibodies is discussed.展开更多
The dynamic mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)alloy prepared by laser additive manufacturing(LAM-TC4)under the high strain rate(HSR)are proposed.The dynamic compression experiments of LAM-TC4 are conducted wi...The dynamic mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)alloy prepared by laser additive manufacturing(LAM-TC4)under the high strain rate(HSR)are proposed.The dynamic compression experiments of LAM-TC4 are conducted with the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)equipment.The results show that as the strain rate increases,the widths of the adiabatic shear band(ASB),the micro-hardness,the degree of grain refinement near the ASB,and the dislocation density of grains grow gradually.Moreover,the increase of dislocation density of grains is the root factor in enhancing the yield strength of LAM-TC4.Meanwhile,the heat produced from the distortion and dislocations of grains promotes the heat softening effect favorable for the recrystallization of grains,resulting in the grain refinement of ASB.Furthermore,the contrastive analysis between LAM-TC4 and TC4 prepared by forging(F-TC4)indicates that under the HSR,the yield strength of LAM-TC4 is higher than that of F-TC4.展开更多
a-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors are considered to play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity in the developing visual cortex. In this study, we established a rat model of binocular form ...a-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors are considered to play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity in the developing visual cortex. In this study, we established a rat model of binocular form deprivation by suturing the rat binocular eyelids before eye-opening at postnatal day 14. During development, the decay time of excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by a-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors of normal rats became longer after eye- opening; however, the decay time did not change significantly in binocular form deprivation rats. The peak value in the normal group became gradually larger with age, but there was no significant change in the binocular form deprivation group. These findings indicate that binocular form deprivation influences the properties of excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by a-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in the rat visual cortex around the end of the critical period, indicating that form stimulation is associated with the experience-dependent modification of neuronal synapses in the visual cortex.展开更多
Spatiotemporal information is crucial for cetacean research and conservation,particularly for wide-ranging and migratory species.Sperm whales(Physeter macrocephalus)are distributed worldwide in deep oceans;however,lit...Spatiotemporal information is crucial for cetacean research and conservation,particularly for wide-ranging and migratory species.Sperm whales(Physeter macrocephalus)are distributed worldwide in deep oceans;however,little is known about the species in the western margin of the Pacific Ocean.Here,we examined the available information related to the occurrence,distribution,and potential habitats of sperm whales in the waters off China.Historical whaling information(18th–20th century)indicates that sperm whales have been captured in the East China Sea(ECS)and South China Sea(SCS).Furthermore,sporadic strandings have been recorded since the 1910s,and more frequently from 1990 onwards.Since 1990,accidental sightings have been documented in the eastern ECS,northeastern and southern SCS,and their adjacent waters.More recently(2019–2022),field encounters have been reported in dedicated ship-based investigations in the Xisha and Nansha waters,providing robust evidence of the regular existence and potential residency of sperm whales in the northwestern and central areas of the SCS.Female nursery groups suggest that the Xisha waters might be an important nursing ground for sperm whales.Satellite tracking data from four adults showed that sperm whales in the SCS might display both fine-scale and long-distance movements.Taken together,it appears that sperm whales are currently active in the waters off China,and that deep waters(depth>200 m)in the ECS and SCS may provide the species with critical habitats.This review provides crucial baseline information on sperm whales in the waters off China,which may help to facilitate future research efforts and conservation initiatives for the species at national and cross-regional scales.More field investigations and other monitoring approaches including acoustic monitoring,biologging,photo-identification,and genetics are required to reveal the distribution,movement,and habitat use patterns of sperm whales in these waters.展开更多
In recent years,a wide variety of centralised and decentralised algorithms have been proposed for residential charging of electric vehicles(EVs).In this paper,we present a mathematical framework which casts the EV cha...In recent years,a wide variety of centralised and decentralised algorithms have been proposed for residential charging of electric vehicles(EVs).In this paper,we present a mathematical framework which casts the EV charging scenarios addressed by these algorithms as optimisation problems having either temporal or instantaneous optimisation objectives with respect to the different actors in the power system.Using this framework and a realistic distribution network simulation testbed,we provide a comparative evaluation of a range of different residential EV charging strategies,highlighting in each case positive and negative characteristics.展开更多
Molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2)),a typical two-dimensional transition metallic layered material,attracts tremendous attentions in the electrochemical energy storage due to its excellent physicochemical properties.However...Molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2)),a typical two-dimensional transition metallic layered material,attracts tremendous attentions in the electrochemical energy storage due to its excellent physicochemical properties.However,with the deepening of the research and exploration of the lithium storage mechanism of these advanced MoS_(2)-based anode materials,the complex reaction process influenced by internal and external factors hinders the exhaustive understanding of the lithium storage process.To design stable anode material with high performance,it is urgent to review the mechanisms of reported anode materials and summarize the related factors that influence the reaction processes.This review aims to dissect all possible side reactions during charging and discharging process,uncover internal and external factors inducing various anode reactions and finally put forward strategies of controlling high cycling capacity and super-stable lithium storage capability of MoS_(2).This review will be helpful to the design of MoS_(2)-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) with excellent cycle performance to enlarge the application fields of these advanced electrochemical energy storage devices.展开更多
A pioneering boat-based survey was conducted in 2019,to gather baseline information regarding the presence,composition,relative abundance,and spatial distribution of deep-diving and off-shore cetaceans in the northern...A pioneering boat-based survey was conducted in 2019,to gather baseline information regarding the presence,composition,relative abundance,and spatial distribution of deep-diving and off-shore cetaceans in the northern South China Sea(SCS).A total of 27 sightings comprising at least 8 cetacean species were recorded during the 13-day survey,including 5 deep-diving species(i.e.Risso’s dolphin[Grampus griseus],short-finned pilot whale[Globicephala macrorhynchus],sperm whale[Physeter macrocephalus],Cuvier’s beaked whale[Ziphius cavirostris],and an unidentified beaked whale[either the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale,Mesoplodon ginkgodens,or Deraniyagala’s beaked whale,Mesoplodon hotaula]),as well as 3 off-shore dolphins(i.e.pantropical spotted dolphin[Stenella attenuate],striped dolphin[Stenella coeruleoalba],and Fraser’s dolphin[Lagenodelphis hosei]).With the exception of pantropical spotted dolphins,all other species were sighted and recorded at sea in the northern SCS for the first time.The pantropical spotted dolphin was the most frequently sighted species,comprising 30%of the total sightings.Deep-diving cetaceans were mainly sighted in the northern Xisha Archipelago,whereas off-shore dolphins were distributed across the survey area.The pantropical spotted dolphin was observed in aggregations of more than 100 individuals and nearly all encountered species included calves;these findings suggested that the survey area functions as an important feeding and calving ground for various cetacean species.This pioneering survey provides fundamental information regarding cetacean fauna in the northern SCS and highlights the need to strengthen research and conservation efforts concerning these species.展开更多
Heteroatom doping is a promising approach to enhance catalytic activity by modulating physical properties,electronic structure,and reaction pathway.Herein,we demonstrate that appropriate Ni-doping could trigger a pref...Heteroatom doping is a promising approach to enhance catalytic activity by modulating physical properties,electronic structure,and reaction pathway.Herein,we demonstrate that appropriate Ni-doping could trigger a preferential transition of the basal plane from 2H(trigonal prismatic)to 1T′(clustered Mo)by inducing lattice distortion and S vacancy(SV)and thus dramatically facilitate its catalytic hydrogen evolution activity.It is noteworthy that the unique catalysts did possess superior catalytic performance of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The rate of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution could reach 20.45 mmol·g^(−1)·h^(−1) and reduced only slightly in the long period of the photocatalytic process.First-principles calculations reveal that the distorted Ni-1T′-MoS_(2) with SV could generate favorable water adsorption energy(Ead(H_(2)O))and Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption(∆GH).This work exhibits a facile and promising pathway for synergistically regulating physical properties,electronic structure,or wettability based on the doping strategy for designing HER electrocatalysts.展开更多
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS_(2)) with low cost, high activity and high earth abundance has been found to be a promising catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but its catalytic activity is considerably limi...Molybdenum disulfide (MoS_(2)) with low cost, high activity and high earth abundance has been found to be a promising catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but its catalytic activity is considerably limited due to its inert basal planes. Here, through the combination of theory and experiment, we propose that doping Ni in MoS_(2) as catalyst can make it have excellent catalytic activity in different reaction systems. In the EY/TEOA system, the maximum hydrogen production rate of EY/Ni-Mo-S is 2.72 times higher than that of pure EY, which confirms the strong hydrogen evolution activity of Ni-Mo-S nanosheets as catalysts. In the lactic acid and Na_(2)S/Na_(2)SO_(3) systems, when Ni-Mo-S is used as co-catalyst to compound with ZnIn_(2)S_(4) (termed as Ni-Mo-S/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)), the maximum hydrogen evolution rates in the two systems are 5.28 and 2.33 times higher than those of pure ZnIn_(2)S_(4), respectively. The difference in HER enhancement is because different systems lead to different sources of protons, thus affecting hydrogen evolution activity. Theoretically, we further demonstrate that the Ni-Mo-S nanosheets have a narrower band gap than MoS_(2), which is conducive to the rapid transfer of charge carriers and thus result in multi-photocatalytic reaction systems with excellent activity. The proposed atomic doping strategy provides a simple and promising approach for the design of photocatalysts with high activity and stability in multi-reaction systems.展开更多
Beaked whales represent around 25%of known extant cetacean species,yet they are the least known of all marine mammals.Identification of many Mesoplodon species has relied on examination of a few stranded individuals.P...Beaked whales represent around 25%of known extant cetacean species,yet they are the least known of all marine mammals.Identification of many Mesoplodon species has relied on examination of a few stranded individuals.Particularly,the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale(Mesoplodon ginkgodens)and Deraniyagala’s beaked whale(Mesoplodon hotaula)are among the least-known of beaked whale species,without confirmed sightings of living individuals to date.We present a sighting of 3 free-ranging individuals of M.ginkgodens/hotaula whale from a dedicated marine mammal vessel survey carried out in the South China Sea in April and May 2019.Photographic data(301 photographs)from the sighting were compared to photos of fresh stranded ginkgo-toothed beaked whale and Deraniyagala’s beaked whale from both historical and unpublished records.We found that free-ranging M.ginkgodens and M.hotaula individuals can be easily distinguished from other Mesoplodon species due to differences in melon and gape shapes and coloration patterns.However,accurate at-sea differentiation of M.ginkgodens and M.hotaula may not be possible due to high similarity in both coloration and scarring patterns.In addition to our photo-identification data,we collected what we believe to be the first preliminary descriptions of surfacing behavior and diving patterns of one of these species.Finally,the presence of scars possibly caused by fishing gear or marine litter raises concerns about anthropogenic impacts and conservation of these poorly known species.展开更多
Scientific information is vital to the conservation of cetaceans and the management of whale-watching activities.The southern coastal waters of Sri Lanka are near a narrow continental shelf and biologically abundant i...Scientific information is vital to the conservation of cetaceans and the management of whale-watching activities.The southern coastal waters of Sri Lanka are near a narrow continental shelf and biologically abundant in cetacean species.Although the occurrence of cetaceans has been investigated in certain waters of Sri Lanka,few surveys have been conducted along the southern coast.To fill this gap,we conducted boat-based surveys from January to May 2017 to investigate the occurrence,diversity,and behavior of cetaceans in the waters off Mirissa,covering a survey area of 788.9 km2.During 55 survey days,we recorded a total of 242 cetacean sightings and identified at least 9 species(3 mysticetes and 6 odontocetes).The blue whale was the most common mysticete species(167 of 174 mysticete encounters),followed by the Omura’s whale(4 of 174)and Bryde’s whale(3 of 174).The spinner dolphin was the most common odontocete species(28 of 68 odontocete encounters),followed by the sperm whale(18 of 68),common bottlenose dolphin(13 of 68),short-finned pilot whale(5 of 68),melon-headed whale(2 of 68),and killer whale.Blue whales and sperm whales exhibited a clear preference for outer shelf and high slope areas,and blue whales were observed feeding along these waters.The present study provides near-baseline information on cetacean occurrence and diversity in whale-watching waters off southern Sri Lanka,and highlights the urgent need for proper management strategies for whale-watching activities.展开更多
Humpback dolphins(Sousa spp.)are obligate shallow-water and resident species,and they typically live in fission–fusion societies composed of small-sized groups with changeable membership.However,we have scant knowled...Humpback dolphins(Sousa spp.)are obligate shallow-water and resident species,and they typically live in fission–fusion societies composed of small-sized groups with changeable membership.However,we have scant knowledge of their behavioral ecology,starting with potential factors influencing inter-population variability of their group sizes.Here,we compiled a new global dataset of humpback dolphin group sizes based on 150 published records.Our data indicated an inter-specific consistency of group-living strategy among the 4 species in the Sousa genus,as these species preferred living in small-sized groups with a mean size of mostly no more than 10,a minimum size of single individual or small pairs,and a maximum size of several tens or≈100.In addition,we clearly showed the geographic variations in group sizes of humpback dolphins at a global scale.We found that the geographic variations in humpback dolphin group sizes were primarily associated with the latitude,sea surface temperature,and abundance.To conclude,our findings provide insights into social dynamics and socioecological trade-offs of humpback dolphins,and help better understand how these resident animals adapted to their shallow-water habitats from the perspectives of biogeography and socioecology.展开更多
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)inhabit shallow coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific region including southeast China,with at least 6 putative populations identified to date in Chinese waters.However,the ...Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)inhabit shallow coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific region including southeast China,with at least 6 putative populations identified to date in Chinese waters.However,the connectivity among these populations has not yet been fully investigated.In the present study,we compared and crossmatched photographic catalogs of individual dolphins collected to date in the Pearl River Delta region,Leizhou Bay,Sanniang Bay,and waters southwest of Hainan Island,a total of 3158 individuals,and found no re-sighting of individual dolphins among the 4 study areas.Furthermore,there was a notable difference in the pigmentation pattern displayed by individuals from these 4 regions.We suggest that this may be a phenotypical expression of fine-scale regional differentiation among humpback dolphin groups,possibly distinct populations.Given the considerable conservation management implications it may carry(e.g.definition of management units),further research is much needed.展开更多
Shipping noise is a widespread and relatively loud sound source among human-induced underwater sounds.The impacts of shipping noise are of special concern for Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis),as they in...Shipping noise is a widespread and relatively loud sound source among human-induced underwater sounds.The impacts of shipping noise are of special concern for Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis),as they inhabit shallow and nearshore habitats and are highly dependent on sound for survival.This study synthesizes our current understanding of the potential impacts of shipping noise on Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins combined with knowledge on sound production and hearing of these animals and the impacts of noise on other whales and dolphins.For further protection and management of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins and their habitats,shipping noise should be regulated and mitigated to modify sound from ships,to reduce overall noise levels,and to set more marine protected areas(MPAs)covering most Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin habitats with seasonal and geographical restrictions to avoid ensonification of shipping noise.The emphasis for future research should be on obtaining more baseline information about the population distribution,sound production,hearing capabilities at the population level,behavior,and stress hormones of the humpback dolphins under different noise conditions or under different noise-producing activities,and/or in high-noise areas compared with relatively quiet areas,and the noise characteristics of ships of different types,sizes and speeds.展开更多
基金supported by National Institutes of Health R21CA226491-01A1 (X.M.L.),1R01CA238273-01A1 (X.M.L.) and 1R01CA242917-01A1(X.M.L.)
文摘Targeted therapy has been widely demonstrated as an effective strategy to treat cancers,the leading cause of death in the world.This minireview summarizes the technical platforms and methodologies utilized to develop and engineer therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates.First,the USA FDA approved monoclonal antibody(mAb)-based targeted therapies are reviewed.Then the representative innovative chimeric,humanized and fully human anti-cancer antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates are described.Finally,the past and predictive market trend of therapeutic antibodies is discussed.
基金Supported by the United National Science Funds and Civil Aviation Funds(U1633104)Tianjin Science Funds for the Special of Science&Technology(17JCTPJC51800)+3 种基金Open Funds of the State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment&Technology(DMETKF2017018)the Scientific Research Project of Tianjin Educational Committee(2019KJ119)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(3122017017)Research Starting Funds of Civil Aviation University of China(09QD05S)。
文摘The dynamic mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)alloy prepared by laser additive manufacturing(LAM-TC4)under the high strain rate(HSR)are proposed.The dynamic compression experiments of LAM-TC4 are conducted with the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)equipment.The results show that as the strain rate increases,the widths of the adiabatic shear band(ASB),the micro-hardness,the degree of grain refinement near the ASB,and the dislocation density of grains grow gradually.Moreover,the increase of dislocation density of grains is the root factor in enhancing the yield strength of LAM-TC4.Meanwhile,the heat produced from the distortion and dislocations of grains promotes the heat softening effect favorable for the recrystallization of grains,resulting in the grain refinement of ASB.Furthermore,the contrastive analysis between LAM-TC4 and TC4 prepared by forging(F-TC4)indicates that under the HSR,the yield strength of LAM-TC4 is higher than that of F-TC4.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.30772350
文摘a-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors are considered to play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity in the developing visual cortex. In this study, we established a rat model of binocular form deprivation by suturing the rat binocular eyelids before eye-opening at postnatal day 14. During development, the decay time of excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by a-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors of normal rats became longer after eye- opening; however, the decay time did not change significantly in binocular form deprivation rats. The peak value in the normal group became gradually larger with age, but there was no significant change in the binocular form deprivation group. These findings indicate that binocular form deprivation influences the properties of excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by a-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in the rat visual cortex around the end of the critical period, indicating that form stimulation is associated with the experience-dependent modification of neuronal synapses in the visual cortex.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21673137 and 22179081)the Class Ⅲ Peak Discipline of Shanghai-Materials Science and Engineering (High-Energy Beam Intelligent Processing and Green Manufacturing)。
基金This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42225604 and 41422604)the“One Belt and One Road”Science and Technology Cooperation Special Program of the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.183446KYSB20200016)+2 种基金the Key Deployment Project of the Center for Ocean Mega-Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.COMS 2020Q15)the Zhilan Foundation(Grant No.2022010291B)the Small Grant in Aid of Research from the Society for Marine Mammalogy.
文摘Spatiotemporal information is crucial for cetacean research and conservation,particularly for wide-ranging and migratory species.Sperm whales(Physeter macrocephalus)are distributed worldwide in deep oceans;however,little is known about the species in the western margin of the Pacific Ocean.Here,we examined the available information related to the occurrence,distribution,and potential habitats of sperm whales in the waters off China.Historical whaling information(18th–20th century)indicates that sperm whales have been captured in the East China Sea(ECS)and South China Sea(SCS).Furthermore,sporadic strandings have been recorded since the 1910s,and more frequently from 1990 onwards.Since 1990,accidental sightings have been documented in the eastern ECS,northeastern and southern SCS,and their adjacent waters.More recently(2019–2022),field encounters have been reported in dedicated ship-based investigations in the Xisha and Nansha waters,providing robust evidence of the regular existence and potential residency of sperm whales in the northwestern and central areas of the SCS.Female nursery groups suggest that the Xisha waters might be an important nursing ground for sperm whales.Satellite tracking data from four adults showed that sperm whales in the SCS might display both fine-scale and long-distance movements.Taken together,it appears that sperm whales are currently active in the waters off China,and that deep waters(depth>200 m)in the ECS and SCS may provide the species with critical habitats.This review provides crucial baseline information on sperm whales in the waters off China,which may help to facilitate future research efforts and conservation initiatives for the species at national and cross-regional scales.More field investigations and other monitoring approaches including acoustic monitoring,biologging,photo-identification,and genetics are required to reveal the distribution,movement,and habitat use patterns of sperm whales in these waters.
基金The authors would like to thank the Irish Social Science Data Archive(ISSDA)for providing access to the CER Smart Metering Project data.The authors also gratefully acknowledge funding for this research provided by Science Foundation Ireland(Grant 11/PI/1177 and Grant 09/SRC/E1780).
文摘In recent years,a wide variety of centralised and decentralised algorithms have been proposed for residential charging of electric vehicles(EVs).In this paper,we present a mathematical framework which casts the EV charging scenarios addressed by these algorithms as optimisation problems having either temporal or instantaneous optimisation objectives with respect to the different actors in the power system.Using this framework and a realistic distribution network simulation testbed,we provide a comparative evaluation of a range of different residential EV charging strategies,highlighting in each case positive and negative characteristics.
基金financially supported by the National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (No. 61825503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51902101, 61775101,61804082)+3 种基金the Youth Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 2019JJ50044)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20201381)Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (No. NY219144)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2020TQ0202, 2021M692161)。
文摘Molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2)),a typical two-dimensional transition metallic layered material,attracts tremendous attentions in the electrochemical energy storage due to its excellent physicochemical properties.However,with the deepening of the research and exploration of the lithium storage mechanism of these advanced MoS_(2)-based anode materials,the complex reaction process influenced by internal and external factors hinders the exhaustive understanding of the lithium storage process.To design stable anode material with high performance,it is urgent to review the mechanisms of reported anode materials and summarize the related factors that influence the reaction processes.This review aims to dissect all possible side reactions during charging and discharging process,uncover internal and external factors inducing various anode reactions and finally put forward strategies of controlling high cycling capacity and super-stable lithium storage capability of MoS_(2).This review will be helpful to the design of MoS_(2)-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) with excellent cycle performance to enlarge the application fields of these advanced electrochemical energy storage devices.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant number 2016YFC0300803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41406182,41306169 and 41422604)+2 种基金the incubating program of Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y960041001)the biodiversity investigation,observation and assessment program(2019-2023)of Ministry of Ecology and Environment of ChinaOcean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong(AW02-1920).
文摘A pioneering boat-based survey was conducted in 2019,to gather baseline information regarding the presence,composition,relative abundance,and spatial distribution of deep-diving and off-shore cetaceans in the northern South China Sea(SCS).A total of 27 sightings comprising at least 8 cetacean species were recorded during the 13-day survey,including 5 deep-diving species(i.e.Risso’s dolphin[Grampus griseus],short-finned pilot whale[Globicephala macrorhynchus],sperm whale[Physeter macrocephalus],Cuvier’s beaked whale[Ziphius cavirostris],and an unidentified beaked whale[either the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale,Mesoplodon ginkgodens,or Deraniyagala’s beaked whale,Mesoplodon hotaula]),as well as 3 off-shore dolphins(i.e.pantropical spotted dolphin[Stenella attenuate],striped dolphin[Stenella coeruleoalba],and Fraser’s dolphin[Lagenodelphis hosei]).With the exception of pantropical spotted dolphins,all other species were sighted and recorded at sea in the northern SCS for the first time.The pantropical spotted dolphin was the most frequently sighted species,comprising 30%of the total sightings.Deep-diving cetaceans were mainly sighted in the northern Xisha Archipelago,whereas off-shore dolphins were distributed across the survey area.The pantropical spotted dolphin was observed in aggregations of more than 100 individuals and nearly all encountered species included calves;these findings suggested that the survey area functions as an important feeding and calving ground for various cetacean species.This pioneering survey provides fundamental information regarding cetacean fauna in the northern SCS and highlights the need to strengthen research and conservation efforts concerning these species.
基金supported by the National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists(No.61825503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51902101,61775101,and 61804082)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BK20201381 and BK20210577)the Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(No.NY219144)the National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program.
文摘Heteroatom doping is a promising approach to enhance catalytic activity by modulating physical properties,electronic structure,and reaction pathway.Herein,we demonstrate that appropriate Ni-doping could trigger a preferential transition of the basal plane from 2H(trigonal prismatic)to 1T′(clustered Mo)by inducing lattice distortion and S vacancy(SV)and thus dramatically facilitate its catalytic hydrogen evolution activity.It is noteworthy that the unique catalysts did possess superior catalytic performance of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The rate of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution could reach 20.45 mmol·g^(−1)·h^(−1) and reduced only slightly in the long period of the photocatalytic process.First-principles calculations reveal that the distorted Ni-1T′-MoS_(2) with SV could generate favorable water adsorption energy(Ead(H_(2)O))and Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption(∆GH).This work exhibits a facile and promising pathway for synergistically regulating physical properties,electronic structure,or wettability based on the doping strategy for designing HER electrocatalysts.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11974188,11304159)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2021T140339,2018M632345)+2 种基金the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Provincethe Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Nos. BK20201381,BK20161512)NUPTSF (No. NY218022)。
文摘Molybdenum disulfide (MoS_(2)) with low cost, high activity and high earth abundance has been found to be a promising catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but its catalytic activity is considerably limited due to its inert basal planes. Here, through the combination of theory and experiment, we propose that doping Ni in MoS_(2) as catalyst can make it have excellent catalytic activity in different reaction systems. In the EY/TEOA system, the maximum hydrogen production rate of EY/Ni-Mo-S is 2.72 times higher than that of pure EY, which confirms the strong hydrogen evolution activity of Ni-Mo-S nanosheets as catalysts. In the lactic acid and Na_(2)S/Na_(2)SO_(3) systems, when Ni-Mo-S is used as co-catalyst to compound with ZnIn_(2)S_(4) (termed as Ni-Mo-S/ZnIn_(2)S_(4)), the maximum hydrogen evolution rates in the two systems are 5.28 and 2.33 times higher than those of pure ZnIn_(2)S_(4), respectively. The difference in HER enhancement is because different systems lead to different sources of protons, thus affecting hydrogen evolution activity. Theoretically, we further demonstrate that the Ni-Mo-S nanosheets have a narrower band gap than MoS_(2), which is conducive to the rapid transfer of charge carriers and thus result in multi-photocatalytic reaction systems with excellent activity. The proposed atomic doping strategy provides a simple and promising approach for the design of photocatalysts with high activity and stability in multi-reaction systems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant number 2016YFC0300803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41406182,41306169 and 41422604)+1 种基金the biodiversity investigation,observation and assessment program(2019-2023)of Ministry of Ecology and Environment of ChinaOcean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong(MM02-1516,AW02-1920).
文摘Beaked whales represent around 25%of known extant cetacean species,yet they are the least known of all marine mammals.Identification of many Mesoplodon species has relied on examination of a few stranded individuals.Particularly,the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale(Mesoplodon ginkgodens)and Deraniyagala’s beaked whale(Mesoplodon hotaula)are among the least-known of beaked whale species,without confirmed sightings of living individuals to date.We present a sighting of 3 free-ranging individuals of M.ginkgodens/hotaula whale from a dedicated marine mammal vessel survey carried out in the South China Sea in April and May 2019.Photographic data(301 photographs)from the sighting were compared to photos of fresh stranded ginkgo-toothed beaked whale and Deraniyagala’s beaked whale from both historical and unpublished records.We found that free-ranging M.ginkgodens and M.hotaula individuals can be easily distinguished from other Mesoplodon species due to differences in melon and gape shapes and coloration patterns.However,accurate at-sea differentiation of M.ginkgodens and M.hotaula may not be possible due to high similarity in both coloration and scarring patterns.In addition to our photo-identification data,we collected what we believe to be the first preliminary descriptions of surfacing behavior and diving patterns of one of these species.Finally,the presence of scars possibly caused by fishing gear or marine litter raises concerns about anthropogenic impacts and conservation of these poorly known species.
基金The data analysis and paper writing were financially supported by the“One Belt and One Road”Science and Technology Cooperation Special Program of the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant number 183446KYSB20200016)the Indian Ocean Ninety-East Ridge Ecosystem and Marine Environment Monitoring and Protection,Supported by the China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association(no.DY135-E2-4)。
文摘Scientific information is vital to the conservation of cetaceans and the management of whale-watching activities.The southern coastal waters of Sri Lanka are near a narrow continental shelf and biologically abundant in cetacean species.Although the occurrence of cetaceans has been investigated in certain waters of Sri Lanka,few surveys have been conducted along the southern coast.To fill this gap,we conducted boat-based surveys from January to May 2017 to investigate the occurrence,diversity,and behavior of cetaceans in the waters off Mirissa,covering a survey area of 788.9 km2.During 55 survey days,we recorded a total of 242 cetacean sightings and identified at least 9 species(3 mysticetes and 6 odontocetes).The blue whale was the most common mysticete species(167 of 174 mysticete encounters),followed by the Omura’s whale(4 of 174)and Bryde’s whale(3 of 174).The spinner dolphin was the most common odontocete species(28 of 68 odontocete encounters),followed by the sperm whale(18 of 68),common bottlenose dolphin(13 of 68),short-finned pilot whale(5 of 68),melon-headed whale(2 of 68),and killer whale.Blue whales and sperm whales exhibited a clear preference for outer shelf and high slope areas,and blue whales were observed feeding along these waters.The present study provides near-baseline information on cetacean occurrence and diversity in whale-watching waters off southern Sri Lanka,and highlights the urgent need for proper management strategies for whale-watching activities.
基金This study was financially supported by the Major Science and Technology Project in Hainan province(ZDKJ2016009-1-1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41306169,41406182,and 41422604)+2 种基金the Ocean Park Conservation Foundation of Hong Kong(AW02-1920)the Chinese White Dolphin Conservation Action Project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural of People’s Republic of China(Y760091HT1)the Biodiversity Investigation,Observation and Assessment Program of Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China(2019-2023).
文摘Humpback dolphins(Sousa spp.)are obligate shallow-water and resident species,and they typically live in fission–fusion societies composed of small-sized groups with changeable membership.However,we have scant knowledge of their behavioral ecology,starting with potential factors influencing inter-population variability of their group sizes.Here,we compiled a new global dataset of humpback dolphin group sizes based on 150 published records.Our data indicated an inter-specific consistency of group-living strategy among the 4 species in the Sousa genus,as these species preferred living in small-sized groups with a mean size of mostly no more than 10,a minimum size of single individual or small pairs,and a maximum size of several tens or≈100.In addition,we clearly showed the geographic variations in group sizes of humpback dolphins at a global scale.We found that the geographic variations in humpback dolphin group sizes were primarily associated with the latitude,sea surface temperature,and abundance.To conclude,our findings provide insights into social dynamics and socioecological trade-offs of humpback dolphins,and help better understand how these resident animals adapted to their shallow-water habitats from the perspectives of biogeography and socioecology.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41406182,41306169,and 41422604)the biodiversity investigation,observation,and assessment program(2019-2023)of Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China+2 种基金Research Grants Council(RGC)of Hong Kong(General Research Fund HKU 768913M)Marine Ecology Enhancement Fund(MEEF2017015,MEEF2017015A,MEEF2017015B,and MEEF2017015C)Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Hong Kong(MM01-1415,MM02-1516,AW02-1920,AW04_1617,MM01_1920).
文摘Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)inhabit shallow coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific region including southeast China,with at least 6 putative populations identified to date in Chinese waters.However,the connectivity among these populations has not yet been fully investigated.In the present study,we compared and crossmatched photographic catalogs of individual dolphins collected to date in the Pearl River Delta region,Leizhou Bay,Sanniang Bay,and waters southwest of Hainan Island,a total of 3158 individuals,and found no re-sighting of individual dolphins among the 4 study areas.Furthermore,there was a notable difference in the pigmentation pattern displayed by individuals from these 4 regions.We suggest that this may be a phenotypical expression of fine-scale regional differentiation among humpback dolphin groups,possibly distinct populations.Given the considerable conservation management implications it may carry(e.g.definition of management units),further research is much needed.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.41422604 and 41306169)the Ocean Park Conservation Foundation of Hong Kong(OPCFHK,grant no.MM02-1516)+3 种基金the Guangdong Chinese White Dolphin Conservation Action Project(grant no.GD20130102)the Foundation of China National Offshore Oil Corporation,the“Hundred Talents Program”of the CAS(Grant Nos.SIDSSE-BR-315201201 and Y410012)a major science and technology project in Hainan Province(Grant No.ZDKJ2016009-1-1)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS(Grant No.XDB06030300).
文摘Shipping noise is a widespread and relatively loud sound source among human-induced underwater sounds.The impacts of shipping noise are of special concern for Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis),as they inhabit shallow and nearshore habitats and are highly dependent on sound for survival.This study synthesizes our current understanding of the potential impacts of shipping noise on Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins combined with knowledge on sound production and hearing of these animals and the impacts of noise on other whales and dolphins.For further protection and management of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins and their habitats,shipping noise should be regulated and mitigated to modify sound from ships,to reduce overall noise levels,and to set more marine protected areas(MPAs)covering most Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin habitats with seasonal and geographical restrictions to avoid ensonification of shipping noise.The emphasis for future research should be on obtaining more baseline information about the population distribution,sound production,hearing capabilities at the population level,behavior,and stress hormones of the humpback dolphins under different noise conditions or under different noise-producing activities,and/or in high-noise areas compared with relatively quiet areas,and the noise characteristics of ships of different types,sizes and speeds.