A Review on Engineering Design for Enhancing Interfacial Contact in Solid-State Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

The utilization of solid-state electrolytes(SSEs)presents a promising solution to the issues of safety concern and shuttle effect in Li–S batteries,which has garnered significant interest recently.However,the high interfacial impedances existing between the SSEs and the electrodes(both lithium anodes and sulfur cathodes)hinder the charge transfer and intensify the uneven deposition of lithium,which ultimately result in insufficient capacity utilization and poor cycling stability.Hence,the reduction of interfacial resistance between SSEs and electrodes is of paramount importance in the pursuit of efficacious solid-state batteries.In this review,we focus on the experimental strategies employed to enhance the interfacial contact between SSEs and electrodes,and summarize recent progresses of their applications in solidstate Li–S batteries.Moreover,the challenges and perspectives of rational interfacial design in practical solid-state Li–S batteries are outlined as well.We expect that this review will provide new insights into the further technique development and practical applications of solid-state lithium batteries.

A new method of calculating crown projection area and its comparative accuracy with conventional calculations for asymmetric tree crowns

This paper introduces a new method of calculating crown projection area(CPA),the area of level ground covered by a vertical projection of a tree crown from measured crown radii through numerical interpolation and integration.This novel method and other four existing methods of calculating CPA were compared using detailed crown radius measurements from 30 tall trees of Eucalyptus pilularis variable in crown size,shape,and asymmetry.The four existing methods included the polygonal approach and three ways of calculating CPA as the area of a circle using the arithmetic,geometric and quadratic mean radius.Comparisons were made across a sequence of eight non-consecutive numbers(from 2 to 16)of measured crown radii for each tree over the range of crown asymmetry of the 30 trees through generalized linear models and multiple comparisons of means.The sequence covered the range of the number of crown radii measured for calculating the CPA of a tree in the literature.A crown asymmetry index within the unit interval was calculated for each tree to serve as a normative measure.With a slight overestimation of 2.2%on average and an overall mean error size of 7.9%across the numbers of crown radii that were compared,our new method was the least biased and most accurate.Calculating CPA as a circle using the quadratic mean crown radius was the second best,which had an average overestimation of 4.5%and overall mean error size of 8.8%.These two methods remained by and large unbiased as crown asymmetry increased,while the other three methods showed larger bias of underestimation.For the conventional method of using the arithmetic mean crown radius to calculate CPA as a circle,bias correction factors were developed as a function of crown asymmetry index to delineate the increasing magnitude of bias associated with greater degrees of crown asymmetry.This study reveals and demonstrates such relationships between the accuracy of CPA calculations and crown asymmetry and will help increase awareness among researchers and practitioners on the existence of bias in their CPA calculations and for the need to use an unbiased method in the future.Our new method is recommended for calculating CPA where at least four crown radius measurements per tree are available because that is the minimum number required for its use.

Constructing Carbon Nanobubbles with Boron Doping as Advanced Anode for Realizing Unprecedently Ultrafast Potassium Ion Storage

Carbonaceous material with favorable K^(+)intercalation feature is considered as a compelling anode for potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).However,the inferior rate performance and cycling stability impede their large-scale application.Here,a facile template method is utilized to synthesize boron doping carbon nanobubbles(BCNBs).The incorporation of boron into the carbon structure introduces abundant defective sites and improves conductivity,facilitating both the intercalation-controlled and capacitivecontrolled capacities.Moreover,theoretical calculation proves that boron doping can effectively improve the conductivity and facilitate electrochemical reversibility in PIBs.Correspondingly,the designed BCNBs anode delivers a high specific capacity(464 mAh g^(-1)at 0.05 A g^(-1))with an extraordinary rate performance(85.7 mAh g^(-1)at 50 A g^(-1)),and retains a considerable capacity retention(95.2%relative to the 100th charge after 2000 cycles).Besides,the strategy of pre-forming stable artificial inorganic solid electrolyte interface effectively realizes high initial coulombic efficiency of 79.0%for BCNBs.Impressively,a dual-carbon potassium-ion capacitor coupling BCNBs anode displays a high energy density(177.8 Wh kg^(-1)).This work not only shows great potential for utilizing heteroatom-doping strategy to boost the potassium ion storage but also paves the way for designing high-energy/power storage devices.

Platelet-rich fibrin-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into osteoblast-like cells and neural cells

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were allowed to develop for 14 days in a platelet-rich fibrin environment.Results demonstrated that platelet-rich fibrin significantly promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.In addition,there was a dose-dependent increase in Runt-related transcription factor-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 mRNA expression,as well as neuron-specific enolase and glial acidic protein.Results showed that platelet-rich fibrin promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells and neural cells in a dose-dependent manner.

人文理解的遮蔽与复归:青少年网络沉迷干预之困及其纾解

“互联网+”时代的青少年面临网络沉迷的严峻挑战,加强对网络沉迷青少年的疏导、干预,对保障青少年身心健康、学业发展以及“互联网+教育”顺利开展极具现实意义。规范判断意义上的青少年网络沉迷常常缺失青少年立场和对青少年的人文理解,往往从外在客观立场来评判青少年的网络行为,容易遮蔽青少年网络行为的主观意图,带来管理主义倾向和控制式干预手段,产生标签化效应,引发一系列干预困境。对青少年充分的人文理解是纾解干预困境的关键。基于教育现象学的理论视域分析发现,人文理解主要体现在对青少年网络行为主观意义的追寻、对青少年成长发展无限可能的尊重以及与青少年交往中的人文关怀。为实现人文理解的复归,青少年网络沉迷相关研究理应:研究视角由科学世界转向生活世界,研究关系由“我—它”关系转向“我—你”关系,研究重点由原因分析转向意义诠释;青少年网络沉迷干预实践理应:干预视角由问题视角转向优势视角,干预重心由技术隔离转向关系建构,干预方法由说服教育转向自我叙事。

Gold（Ⅰ）-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrrolo[3,4-d][1,2 ]oxazines

A gold（I）-catalyzed highly diastereo- and enantioselective intermolecular cycloaddition of oxime ethers with nitrones under mild conditions was developed, which provides an facile access to optically pure highly substituted pyrrolo[3,4-d][1,2]oxazines. The salient features of this reaction in- clude general substrate scope, high efficiency, high enantioselectivity, readily available starting materials, and the use of commercially available ligand.