Seasonal Characteristics of Forecasting Uncertainties in Surface PM_(2.5)Concentration Associated with Forecast Lead Time over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

Forecasting uncertainties among meteorological fields have long been recognized as the main limitation on the accuracy and predictability of air quality forecasts.However,the particular impact of meteorological forecasting uncertainties on air quality forecasts specific to different seasons is still not well known.In this study,a series of forecasts with different forecast lead times for January,April,July,and October of 2018 are conducted over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region and the impacts of meteorological forecasting uncertainties on surface PM_(2.5)concentration forecasts with each lead time are investigated.With increased lead time,the forecasted PM_(2.5)concentrations significantly change and demonstrate obvious seasonal variations.In general,the forecasting uncertainties in monthly mean surface PM_(2.5)concentrations in the BTH region due to lead time are the largest(80%)in spring,followed by autumn(~50%),summer(~40%),and winter(20%).In winter,the forecasting uncertainties in total surface PM_(2.5)mass due to lead time are mainly due to the uncertainties in PBL heights and hence the PBL mixing of anthropogenic primary particles.In spring,the forecasting uncertainties are mainly from the impacts of lead time on lower-tropospheric northwesterly winds,thereby further enhancing the condensation production of anthropogenic secondary particles by the long-range transport of natural dust.In summer,the forecasting uncertainties result mainly from the decrease in dry and wet deposition rates,which are associated with the reduction of near-surface wind speed and precipitation rate.In autumn,the forecasting uncertainties arise mainly from the change in the transport of remote natural dust and anthropogenic particles,which is associated with changes in the large-scale circulation.

Hypoxia-associated circular RNA RPPH1 modulates triple-negative breast cancer cell growth via the miR-1296-5p/TRIM14 axis

Hypoxia affects the advancement,metastasis,and metabolism of breast cancer(BC).The circular RNA ribonuclease P RNA component H1(circRPPH1)(has_circ_0000515)is implicated in tumor progression.Nevertheless,the regulatory mechanism related to circRPPH1 in hypoxia-mediated triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)progression is indistinct.The expression levels of circRPPH1,miR-1296-5p,tripartite motif-containing 14(TRIM14)mRNA in tissue samples and cells were examined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).Cell viability,migration,and invasion were determined with Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)or transwell assays.The levels of glucose consumption and lactate production were assessed via the Glucose Assay Kit or Lactate Assay Kit.The protein levels of TRIM14,Glucose Transporter GLUT1(GLUT1),and lactic dehydrogenase A(LDHA)were detected by western blot analysis.The targeting relationship between circRPPH1 or TRIM14 and miR-1296-5p was verified with dual-luciferase reporter assay.The role of circRPPH1 was confirmed via xenograft assay.We verified that circRPPH1 and TRIM14 expression were increased while miR-1296-5p expression was decreased in BC tissues and hypoxia-cultured TNBC cells.Functionally,circRPPH1 silencing reversed the promoting effect of hypoxia on viability,migration,invasion,and glycolysis of TNBC cells.CircRPPH1 knockdown repressed decreased TNBC cell growth in vivo.Mechanistically,circRPPH1 sponged miR-1296-5p to modulate TRIM14 expression.Also,miR-1296-5p silencing restored circRPPH1 inhibition-mediated influence on the viability,migration,invasion,and glycolysis of hypoxia-treated TNBC cells.TRIM14 elevation overturned the inhibitory impact of miR-1296-5p mimic on viability,migration,invasion,and glycolysis of hypoxia-cultured TNBC cells.In conclusion,hypoxia-induced circRPPH1 fostered TNBC progression through regulation of the miR-1296-5p/TRIM14 axis,indicating that circRPPH1 was a promising target for TNBC treatment.