The leaf thickness, stratum corneum thickness, epidermis thickness, palisade tissue thickness and sponge tissue thickness of Streblus asper leaves at different ages were observed by using paraffin section technology a...The leaf thickness, stratum corneum thickness, epidermis thickness, palisade tissue thickness and sponge tissue thickness of Streblus asper leaves at different ages were observed by using paraffin section technology and optical microscopic observation to explore the anatomic adaptive response mechanism to drought stress, also to provide a theoretical basis for S. asper introduction. The results showed that under drought stress, various parts of S. asper leaf anatomy showed some characteristics adapted to water environment. Leaf palisade tissue cells became shorter, increasing from 1-2 layers to 2-3 layers; sponge cells were arranged in neat and compact long column shape, and the upper and down epidermis were thickened. The upper and down epidermis produced more trichomes to resist stress. After rehydration, leaf porosity increased and trichomes had a corresponding reduction. The principal component analysis showed that the stratum corneum thickness, leaf thickness and palisade were available to describe the impact of stress and rehydration on different ages of S. asper leaf anatomy. Under drought stress, S. asper leaf stratum corneum thickness and leaf thickness increased and leaves returned to normal after rehydration. Middle and top leaves were better than basal leaves in response to drought stress sensitivity.展开更多
At present, the research about flower color of Rosa rugosa is a very inno-vative and practical study. Glycosylation modification fulfills an important role in increasing the stability and solubility of anthocyanin in ...At present, the research about flower color of Rosa rugosa is a very inno-vative and practical study. Glycosylation modification fulfills an important role in increasing the stability and solubility of anthocyanin in plants. In this study, based on the transcriptional database of R. rugosa, a gene with full length cDNA of 1422bp, encoding 473 amino acids, designated as RrGT2, were isolated from flowers of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’ and then functionally characterized. According to online software prediction, the molecular formula of the protein encoded by the RrGT2 gene is C2334H3628N602O711S18, the relative molecular mass is 52,075.17 Da, and the theoretical isoelectric point is pI = 4.76. The result of the RrGT2 protein 3D model construction showed that it had the highest homology with the UDP-glycosyltransferase 74F2 protein model in the database (39.53%). Sequence alignments with the NCBI database showed that the RrGT2 protein is a member of the GTB superfamily. Homology analysis revealed that the coding regions of RrGT2 was highly specific among different species, but still had typical conserved amino acid residues called PSPG that are crucial for RrGT2 enzyme activity. RrGT2 transcripts were detected in five flowering stages and seven tissues of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’, R. rugosa ‘Fenzizhi’ and R. rugosa ‘Baizizhi’, and their expression patterns corresponded with the accumulation of antho-cyanins. Therefore, we speculated that glycosylation of RrGT2 plays a crucial role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in R. rugosa.展开更多
Anthocyanin is one of water-soluble natural pigments widely existing in flowers, fruits, stems, leaves and seeds of plants, and it is the major factor conferring pink or red to the petals of Rosa rugose. MYB TFs play ...Anthocyanin is one of water-soluble natural pigments widely existing in flowers, fruits, stems, leaves and seeds of plants, and it is the major factor conferring pink or red to the petals of Rosa rugose. MYB TFs play an important role in the anthocyanin synthesis in plants. This work aimed to clone the MYB gene related to anthocyanin synthesis in the petals of Rosa rugose, and explore the relationship between them to lay a good foundation for gene engineering improvement of R. rugose. Based on the transcriptional data, a full-length cDNA sequence of MYB Gene, RrMYB113 (GenBank accession Nos MG720012), was cloned at the first time from the petals of Rosa rugose “Zi zhi” with RT-PCR and RACE methods. The full-length cDNA is 885 bp with an open reading frame of 654 bp, encoding 216 amino acids. The derived RrMYB113 protein has a molecular weight of 25,297.64 Da, a calculated pI of 9.61, a R2R3-MYB domain and bHLH binding domain, and it also has the signature motifs ((A/S/G)NDV and KPRPR(T/S)), thus belonging to Sg6 R2R3-MYB subfamily. In the secondary structure of RrMYB113 protein, there is 37.04% α-helix, 39.81% random coil, 14.81% extended peptide chain, and 8.33% β-corner. There is no transmembrane domain and no signal peptide cleavage site, seventeen Ser phosphorylation sites, fifteen Thr phosphorylation sites, four Tyr phosphorylation sites, and no O-glycosylation sites. The expression of RrMYB113 increased with the color deepening in petals, and it expressed at a higher level in petals than in other tissues of R. rugose “Zi zhi”. These results are meaningful to reveal that RrMYB113 might be an important regulator in anthocyanin biosynthesis and coloration in the petals of R. rugose.展开更多
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique, which is developed in recent years, is a rapid identification of plant gene function from reverse genetics. It is a manifestation of post-transcriptional gene silencing m...Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique, which is developed in recent years, is a rapid identification of plant gene function from reverse genetics. It is a manifestation of post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism. Compared with the traditional transgenic technology, VIGS is a transient expression system, which can achieve good results in a short time. At present, it is widely used to study the function of plant genes, but most of them are model plants, and the experiments are carried out always in the indoor environment with controlled light and temperature conditions. In this study, we creatively provided a method to establish VIGS system using perennial Rosa plants as experimental materials under field conditions. The recombinant virus vector was constructed with RrGT1 gene as reporter gene and modified TRV-GFP virus as vector, and the perennial R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. davurica were used as experimental verification materials. According to the growth conditions of Rosa plants, the natural environment in the field and the optimal conditions for the occurrence of VIGS, the technical problems such as the confirmation of the inoculation period, the preparation of the infective fluid, the inoculation technology of the virus vector and the light and temperature conditions of plant materials cultured after inoculation were solved one by one. When the RrGT1 gene was silenced, the Rosa plants showed a pale petal color phenotype. By detection, it was found that the expression of endogenous RrGT1 gene was significantly down-regulated, and the content of all anthocyanins also decreased significantly. Therefore, we believed that the attempt to establish VIGS system in perennial Rosa plants under field conditions was very successful.展开更多
The species and contents of anthocyanins in plant petals can make plants appear pink, red, violet and blue, etc., and play a major role in the coloration of plants. In this study, the species and contents of anthocyan...The species and contents of anthocyanins in plant petals can make plants appear pink, red, violet and blue, etc., and play a major role in the coloration of plants. In this study, the species and contents of anthocyanins in the petals of three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars, R. rugosa “Zizhi”, R. rugosa “Fenzizhi” and R. rugosa “Baizizhi”, were analyzed, and the direct cause of the differences in flower color of three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars was inferred. This paper provides a reference for the coloration mechanism and flower color breeding of R. rugosa. The specific methods are as follows: the petals of five flowering stages of three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars were used as materials, and the types and contents of anthocyanins contained in them were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The same six kinds of anthocyanins were identified in R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”, mainly based on the diglycoside of paeoniflorin and cyanidin. The relative contents of the two anthocyanins were higher at budding stage and initial opening stage. In the different flowering stages of R. rugosa “Zizhi”, the content of Pn3G5G was up to 4280.84 ± 20.82 μg·g-1, and the content of Cy3G5G was up to 789.41 ± 1.21 μg·g-1. In R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”, the highest content of Pn3G5G reached 1293.50 ± 17.64 μg·g-1, and the content of Cy3G5G was up to 358.86 ± 3.94 μg·g-1. It could be speculated that the difference in the contents of Pn3G5G and Cy3G5G was the main reason for the difference in coloration between the petals of R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”. A total of five species of anthocyanins were identified in R. rugosa “Baizizhi” and their contents were relatively low. Compared with R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”, the presence of Cy3G was not detected. Therefore, we speculated that the two reasons above might be responsible for the visual white flowers of R. rugosa “Baizizhi”.展开更多
R2R3-MYB transcription factor plays an important role in plant anthocyanin synthesis. Based on the transcriptional database of Rosa rugosa, one MYB transcription factor related to floral color, RrMYB6, was cloned. By ...R2R3-MYB transcription factor plays an important role in plant anthocyanin synthesis. Based on the transcriptional database of Rosa rugosa, one MYB transcription factor related to floral color, RrMYB6, was cloned. By using bioinformatics analysis method, cloning MYB gene and analyzing its function in anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation, we hope to lay a solid foundation for new color variety breeding of R. rugosa. Using the R. rugosa “Zi zhi” as the material, we obtained the total length of cDNA of RrMYB6 by RT-PCR and RACE. By analyzing its bioinformatics, we found that the formula of the protein was C1491H2368N452O470S17, molecular weight was 34690.97 Da, the theoretical pI was 8.74. In addition, it belonged to unstable protein with an unstable index at 50.59, and it was also a hydrophilic protein with the total average hydrophobic index at -0.847. In the secondary structure of RrMYB6 protein, the Alpha helix accounted for 32.35%, random coil was 47.39%, extended strand was 11.11%, and beta turn was 9.15%. The sequence analysis showed that RrMYB6 had a typical R2R3-MYB domain and bHLH binding domain, and it also had an N1, C1, C2 inhibitory motif, belonging to the Sg4 subfamily MYB protein. What’s more, evolutionary analysis indicated that the RrMYB6 protein was closely related with the MYB protein in Rosacea family, while it was far from those in other families. The expression analysis showed that RrMYB6 protein decreased with the color of petals deeping, and its expression was the lowest in the petals while the highest in stamens. According to the above results, it was speculated that RrMYB6 was involved in regulating the anthocyanin synthesis of R. rugosa, which belonged to negative regulatory mechanism.展开更多
Plants have evolved and perfected a series of light receptors to feel the light at different bands and regulate the expression, modification and interaction of related genes in plants through signal transduction. So f...Plants have evolved and perfected a series of light receptors to feel the light at different bands and regulate the expression, modification and interaction of related genes in plants through signal transduction. So far, many photoreceptors have been identified in plants, UVR8 has recently been identified as a receptor for UV-B light. This paper cloned a WD40 gene related to UVR8 protein subunit, named RrRUP2, based on the Rosa rugose transcriptome data, using Rosa rugose “Zi zhi” as experimental materials. The full length of cDNA of the gene was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE methods. The total length of this gene is 1173 bp, and it encodes 390 amino acids. After bioinformatics analysis, the molecular formula C3415H5659N1173O1434S313 was predicted;the relative molecular weight was 96129.27 Da;the theoretical isoelectric point PI value was 5.00;and its instability index was 47.06. The total average hydrophobic index was 0.750. In the secondary structure of RrRUP2 protein, there are 10 α-helix, 45 β-helix, 181 Random coil, and 154 Extended strand. Gene Bank Blast results showed that the amino acid sequence encoded by RrRUP2 was more than 90% homologous with the RUP2 protein of Rosa chinensis, Fragaria, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Juglans, Arabidopsis and Tobacco, so it can be inferred that the RrRUP2 gene is a WD repeat-containing protein. Regarding to fluorescence quantitative expression analysis of RrRUP2, we find its experssion pattern is corresponded with the accumulation of anthocyanins.展开更多
As an important signal transduction protein, G protein beta subunit gene encoded by oligonucleotides plays an important role in many physiological, biochemical and environmental stresses in plants. In order to underst...As an important signal transduction protein, G protein beta subunit gene encoded by oligonucleotides plays an important role in many physiological, biochemical and environmental stresses in plants. In order to understand the action mode of G protein beta subunit gene, this paper cloned a Wd40 gene related to G protein beta subunit gene, named RrG-beta1, based on the R. rugose—transcriptome data, using Rosa rugose “Zi zhi” as experimental materials. The full length of cDNA of the gene was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE methods. The total length of this gene is 981 bp, and it encodes 326 amino acids. After bioinformatics analysis, the molecular formula C1601H2520N450O486S11 was predicted;the relative molecular weight was 36,201.00 Da;the theoretical isoelectric point PI value was 6.71;and its instability index was 30.44. The total average hydrophobic index was -0.847. In the secondary structure of RrG-beta1 protein, there are 17 α-helix, 131 Random coil, and 141 extended peptide chain. Gene Bank Blast results showed that the amino acid sequence encoded by RrG-beta1 was more than 90% homologous with the beta-like protein of Rosa chinensis, Fragaria, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Arabidopsis and tobacco, so it can be inferred that the RrG-beta1 Gene is guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-like protein. Fluorescence quantitative expression analysis of RrG-beta1 protein decreased with the development of flower color, and it was speculated that it could exert negative regulation effect on flower color. The leaf expression was highest in the tissue part, so it was inferred that the signal was transmitted through the stoma on the leaf.展开更多
The TTG1 transcription factor plays an important role in the formation of plant trichomes. Based on the R. rugosa transcriptome data, this study cloned a R. rugosa TTG1 gene, named RrTTG1, and carried out bioinformati...The TTG1 transcription factor plays an important role in the formation of plant trichomes. Based on the R. rugosa transcriptome data, this study cloned a R. rugosa TTG1 gene, named RrTTG1, and carried out bioinformatics analysis and fluorescence quantitative analysis to explore the relationship between TTG1 gene and R. rugosa trichomes formation, in order to lay a good foundation to cultivate a thornless plant in the family Rosaceae. In this experiment, six hybrid cultivars of R. rugosa “Zizhi”, R. rugosa “Xizi”, R. rugosa “Tang fen”, R. rugosa “Hun chun”, R. rugosa “Zi long wo chi” and R. rugosa “Tian e huang” were used as experimental materials, and the cDNA full length of this gene was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE, and the full length of the cDNA was 1348 bp. After bioinformatics analysis, it is predicted that its molecular formula is C1723H2661N465O529S12, the molecular weight is 38.71 KB, and the isoelectric point is 5.00. Its instability index is 54.30, which belongs to unstable protein;and its hydrophilic amino acid distribution is relatively uniform, and the amount is larger than hydrophobic amino acid, which belongs to hydrophilic protein. Phylogenetic tree was constructed for the TTG1 gene. Evolutionary analysis indicated that RrTTG1 is closely related to the TTG1 protein of Rosaceae family, and has a close relationship with other families. The expression analysis showed that the expression of RrTTG1 protein was negatively correlated with the trichome content of R. rugosa stems and leaves. The expression levels of the three spiny varieties of R. rugosa “Hun chun”, R. rugosa “Xizi” and R. rugosa “Zi long wo chi” were lower, and the expressions of the three less thorn varieties of R. rugosa “Zizhi”, R. rugosa “Tian e huang” and R. rugosa “Tang fen” were higher. According to the above results, it was speculated that RrTTG1 is involved in the synthesis of R. rugosa trichomes and belongs to the negative regulation mechanism.展开更多
Based on the transcriptome of Rosa rugosa, one anthocyanin-promoting R2R3-MYB gene, RrMYB10.1 (Accession Nos:MH717244), was cloned from the petals of Rosa rugosa ‘Zizhi’. Sequence analysis results showed that RrMYB1...Based on the transcriptome of Rosa rugosa, one anthocyanin-promoting R2R3-MYB gene, RrMYB10.1 (Accession Nos:MH717244), was cloned from the petals of Rosa rugosa ‘Zizhi’. Sequence analysis results showed that RrMYB10.1 had a full length opening reading frame of 747bp, encoding 249 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that RrMYB10.1 contained the conserved R2R3-MYB domain, two atypical anthocyanin-promoting motifs and a conserved amino acid signature for the interaction with bHLH protein. The results of phylogenic tree revealed that RrMYB10.1 showed high homology with other anthocyanin-promoting proteins in Rosacea, and sharing the highest identity (98.39%) with RhMYB10. RT-PCR results showed that RrMYB10.1 was mainly expressed in petals among various tissues and expressed significantly higher in petals in bud stage than in opening period. To sum up, these results showed that RrMYN10.1 may play a key role in regulating anthocyanin concentration, thus providing a certain foundation on regulating flower color formation in Rosa rugosa.展开更多
Glycosylation modification fulfills an important role in increasing the stability and solubility of anthocyanin in plants. In this study, based on the transcriptional database of R. rugosa, a gene with full length cDN...Glycosylation modification fulfills an important role in increasing the stability and solubility of anthocyanin in plants. In this study, based on the transcriptional database of R. rugosa, a gene with full length cDNA of 1161 bp, encoding 386 amino acids, designated as RrGT1, was isolated from flowers of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’ and then functionally characterized. According to online software prediction, the molecular formula of the protein encoded by the RrGT1 gene is C1879H2964N494O556S14, the relative molecular mass is 41,820.02 Da, and the theoretical isoelectric point is pI = 5.03. The result of the RrGT1 protein 3D model construction showed that it had the highest homology with the UDP-glucose: anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase protein model in the database (47.01%). Sequence alignments with the NCBI database showed that the RrGT1 protein is a member of the GTB superfamily. Homology analysis revealed that the coding regions of RrGT1 was highly specific among different species, but still had typical conserved amino acid residues called PSPG that are crucial for RrGT1 enzyme activity. RrGT1 transcripts were detected in five flowering stages and seven tissues of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’, R. rugosa ‘Fenzizhi’ and R. rugosa ‘Baizizhi’, and their expression patterns corresponded with the accumulation of anthocyanins. Therefore, we speculated that glycosylation of RrGT1 plays a crucial role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in R. rugosa.展开更多
Antiferroelectric(AFE)materials are promising for the applications in advanced high-power electric and electronic devices.Among them,AgNbO_(3)(AN)-based ceramics have gained considerable attention due to their excelle...Antiferroelectric(AFE)materials are promising for the applications in advanced high-power electric and electronic devices.Among them,AgNbO_(3)(AN)-based ceramics have gained considerable attention due to their excellent energy storage performance.Herein,multiscale synergistic modulation is proposed to improve the energy storage performance of AN-based materials,whereby the multilayer structure is employed to improve the breakdown strength(Eb),and Sm/Ta doping is utilized to enhance the AFE stability.As a result,ultrahigh recoverable energy storage density(Wrec)up to 15.0 J·cm^(-3) and energy efficiency of 82.8%are obtained at 1500 kV·cm^(-3) in Sm/Ta co-doped AN multilayer ceramic capacitor(MLCC),which are superior to those of the state-of-the-art AN-based ceramic capacitor.Moreover,the discharge energy density(Wa)in direct-current charge-discharge performance reaches 9.1 J·cm^(-3),which is superior to that of the reported lead-free energy storage systems.The synergistic design of composition and multilayer structure provides an applicable method to optimize the energy storage performance in all dielectric energy storage systems.展开更多
Lead-free antiferroelectric ceramics with high energy storage performance show great potential in pulsed power capacitors.However,poor breakdown strength and antiferroelectric stability are the two main drawbacks that...Lead-free antiferroelectric ceramics with high energy storage performance show great potential in pulsed power capacitors.However,poor breakdown strength and antiferroelectric stability are the two main drawbacks that limit the energy storage performance of antiferroelectric ceramics.Herein,highquality(Ag_(1-x)Na_(x))(Nb_(1-x)Ta_(x))O_(3)ceramics were prepared by the tape casting process.The breakdown strength was greatly improved as a result of the high density and fine grains,while the antiferroelectric stability was enhanced owning to the M2 phase.Benefiting from the synergistic improvement in breakdown strength and antiferroelectric stability,(Ag_(0.80)Na_(0.20))(Nb_(0.80)Ta_(0.20))O_(3)ceramic reveals a benign energy storage performance of W_(rec)=5.8 J/cm^(3)and h=61.7%with good temperature stability,frequency stability and cycling reliability.It is also found that the high applied electric field can promote the M2-M3 phase transition,which may provide ideas to improve the thermal stability of the energy storage performance in AgNbO_(3)-based ceramics.展开更多
Nature inspired deformable heterogeneous smart hydrogels have attracted much attention in many fields such as biomedicine devices and soft actuators.However,normal spatial heterogeneous hydrogel structures can only re...Nature inspired deformable heterogeneous smart hydrogels have attracted much attention in many fields such as biomedicine devices and soft actuators.However,normal spatial heterogeneous hydrogel structures can only respond to single factor and take one action as set in fabrication.Herein,we report a pre-stretched metal-liganded shape memory hydrogel with fiber reinforced,P(AAc-co-AAm)/CCNFs-Fe3+(CCNFs:carboxylated cellulose nanofibers,AAc:acrylic acid,AAm:acrylamide),which can conduct shape deformation by solvent induction and ultraviolet(UV)light.The deformation pattern could be programmed by the deposing of ferroin ions.Also,the pre-stretched shape memory hydrogels could effectively produce cyclic actuation or complex shape actuation by UV light.More importantly,combining the solvent response with the light response enabled complex reversible actuations,such as simulating the bending and unfolding of fingers.The addition of CCNFs significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogels.The hydrogels with 3 wt.%CCNFs showed an elongation at break of about 500%and a significant increase in tensile strength of 8.7-fold to 1.55 MPa after coordination with metal ions,which was able to meet the mechanical requirements of the bionic actuated hydrogels.This work demonstrated that combining light-programmed and light-responsive shape-memory hydrogels,complemented by another independent response property,could achieve complex and reversible programmed actuations.展开更多
AgNbO_(3) is an antiferroelectric (AFE) material with double hysteresis loop. Both the antiferroelectricityand ferroelectricity can be enhanced by doping. Herein, the ferroelectricity of AgNbO_(3) ceramics wasenhanced...AgNbO_(3) is an antiferroelectric (AFE) material with double hysteresis loop. Both the antiferroelectricityand ferroelectricity can be enhanced by doping. Herein, the ferroelectricity of AgNbO_(3) ceramics wasenhanced via K-doping and the phase diagram of the (Ag_(1-x)K_(x))NbO_(3) ceramics was upgraded. In details,(Ag_(1-x)K_(x))NbO_(3) ceramics are ferrielectric (FIE) M1 phase as x=5.00-5.50 mol% and ferroelectric (FE) Ophase as x=5.75-6.00 mol% before poling, and FE O phase as x=5.00-6.00 mol% after poling at roomtemperature. With increasing temperature, (Ag_(1-x)K_(x))NbO_(3) ceramics show the phase evolutions from FIEM1, AFE M2 to paraelectric (PE) T phase at x=5.00-5.50 mol% and from FE O, FE T to PE T phase at x=5.75-6.00 mol% before poling, and from FE O, FE T to PE T phase at x=5.00-6.00 mol% after poling.High d33 values of 180 pC/N and 285 pC/N are obtained at the FE O-FE T and FE T-PE T phase boundaries.This work sheds light on a novel and promising lead-free piezoelectric system.展开更多
Light Field(LF)depth estimation is an important research direction in the area of computer vision and computational photography,which aims to infer the depth information of different objects in threedimensional scenes...Light Field(LF)depth estimation is an important research direction in the area of computer vision and computational photography,which aims to infer the depth information of different objects in threedimensional scenes by capturing LF data.Given this new era of significance,this article introduces a survey of the key concepts,methods,novel applications,and future trends in this area.We summarize the LF depth estimation methods,which are usually based on the interaction of radiance from rays in all directions of the LF data,such as epipolar-plane,multi-view geometry,focal stack,and deep learning.We analyze the many challenges facing each of these approaches,including complex algorithms,large amounts of computation,and speed requirements.In addition,this survey summarizes most of the currently available methods,conducts some comparative experiments,discusses the results,and investigates the novel directions in LF depth estimation.展开更多
Compared to 2D imaging data,the 4D light field(LF)data retains richer scene’s structure information,which can significantly improve the computer’s perception capability,including depth estimation,semantic segmentati...Compared to 2D imaging data,the 4D light field(LF)data retains richer scene’s structure information,which can significantly improve the computer’s perception capability,including depth estimation,semantic segmentation,and LF rendering.However,there is a contradiction between spatial and angular resolution during the LF image acquisition period.To overcome the above problem,researchers have gradually focused on the light field super-resolution(LFSR).In the traditional solutions,researchers achieved the LFSR based on various optimization frameworks,such as Bayesian and Gaussian models.Deep learning-based methods are more popular than conventional methods because they have better performance and more robust generalization capabilities.In this paper,the present approach can mainly divided into conventional methods and deep learning-based methods.We discuss these two branches in light field spatial super-resolution(LFSSR),light field angular super-resolution(LFASR),and light field spatial and angular super-resolution(LFSASR),respectively.Subsequently,this paper also introduces the primary public datasets and analyzes the performance of the prevalent approaches on these datasets.Finally,we discuss the potential innovations of the LFSR to propose the progress of our research field.展开更多
基金Supported by the Special Fund for the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation of Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Qiongnongyuan No.[2013]32)~~
文摘The leaf thickness, stratum corneum thickness, epidermis thickness, palisade tissue thickness and sponge tissue thickness of Streblus asper leaves at different ages were observed by using paraffin section technology and optical microscopic observation to explore the anatomic adaptive response mechanism to drought stress, also to provide a theoretical basis for S. asper introduction. The results showed that under drought stress, various parts of S. asper leaf anatomy showed some characteristics adapted to water environment. Leaf palisade tissue cells became shorter, increasing from 1-2 layers to 2-3 layers; sponge cells were arranged in neat and compact long column shape, and the upper and down epidermis were thickened. The upper and down epidermis produced more trichomes to resist stress. After rehydration, leaf porosity increased and trichomes had a corresponding reduction. The principal component analysis showed that the stratum corneum thickness, leaf thickness and palisade were available to describe the impact of stress and rehydration on different ages of S. asper leaf anatomy. Under drought stress, S. asper leaf stratum corneum thickness and leaf thickness increased and leaves returned to normal after rehydration. Middle and top leaves were better than basal leaves in response to drought stress sensitivity.
文摘At present, the research about flower color of Rosa rugosa is a very inno-vative and practical study. Glycosylation modification fulfills an important role in increasing the stability and solubility of anthocyanin in plants. In this study, based on the transcriptional database of R. rugosa, a gene with full length cDNA of 1422bp, encoding 473 amino acids, designated as RrGT2, were isolated from flowers of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’ and then functionally characterized. According to online software prediction, the molecular formula of the protein encoded by the RrGT2 gene is C2334H3628N602O711S18, the relative molecular mass is 52,075.17 Da, and the theoretical isoelectric point is pI = 4.76. The result of the RrGT2 protein 3D model construction showed that it had the highest homology with the UDP-glycosyltransferase 74F2 protein model in the database (39.53%). Sequence alignments with the NCBI database showed that the RrGT2 protein is a member of the GTB superfamily. Homology analysis revealed that the coding regions of RrGT2 was highly specific among different species, but still had typical conserved amino acid residues called PSPG that are crucial for RrGT2 enzyme activity. RrGT2 transcripts were detected in five flowering stages and seven tissues of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’, R. rugosa ‘Fenzizhi’ and R. rugosa ‘Baizizhi’, and their expression patterns corresponded with the accumulation of antho-cyanins. Therefore, we speculated that glycosylation of RrGT2 plays a crucial role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in R. rugosa.
文摘Anthocyanin is one of water-soluble natural pigments widely existing in flowers, fruits, stems, leaves and seeds of plants, and it is the major factor conferring pink or red to the petals of Rosa rugose. MYB TFs play an important role in the anthocyanin synthesis in plants. This work aimed to clone the MYB gene related to anthocyanin synthesis in the petals of Rosa rugose, and explore the relationship between them to lay a good foundation for gene engineering improvement of R. rugose. Based on the transcriptional data, a full-length cDNA sequence of MYB Gene, RrMYB113 (GenBank accession Nos MG720012), was cloned at the first time from the petals of Rosa rugose “Zi zhi” with RT-PCR and RACE methods. The full-length cDNA is 885 bp with an open reading frame of 654 bp, encoding 216 amino acids. The derived RrMYB113 protein has a molecular weight of 25,297.64 Da, a calculated pI of 9.61, a R2R3-MYB domain and bHLH binding domain, and it also has the signature motifs ((A/S/G)NDV and KPRPR(T/S)), thus belonging to Sg6 R2R3-MYB subfamily. In the secondary structure of RrMYB113 protein, there is 37.04% α-helix, 39.81% random coil, 14.81% extended peptide chain, and 8.33% β-corner. There is no transmembrane domain and no signal peptide cleavage site, seventeen Ser phosphorylation sites, fifteen Thr phosphorylation sites, four Tyr phosphorylation sites, and no O-glycosylation sites. The expression of RrMYB113 increased with the color deepening in petals, and it expressed at a higher level in petals than in other tissues of R. rugose “Zi zhi”. These results are meaningful to reveal that RrMYB113 might be an important regulator in anthocyanin biosynthesis and coloration in the petals of R. rugose.
文摘Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique, which is developed in recent years, is a rapid identification of plant gene function from reverse genetics. It is a manifestation of post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism. Compared with the traditional transgenic technology, VIGS is a transient expression system, which can achieve good results in a short time. At present, it is widely used to study the function of plant genes, but most of them are model plants, and the experiments are carried out always in the indoor environment with controlled light and temperature conditions. In this study, we creatively provided a method to establish VIGS system using perennial Rosa plants as experimental materials under field conditions. The recombinant virus vector was constructed with RrGT1 gene as reporter gene and modified TRV-GFP virus as vector, and the perennial R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. davurica were used as experimental verification materials. According to the growth conditions of Rosa plants, the natural environment in the field and the optimal conditions for the occurrence of VIGS, the technical problems such as the confirmation of the inoculation period, the preparation of the infective fluid, the inoculation technology of the virus vector and the light and temperature conditions of plant materials cultured after inoculation were solved one by one. When the RrGT1 gene was silenced, the Rosa plants showed a pale petal color phenotype. By detection, it was found that the expression of endogenous RrGT1 gene was significantly down-regulated, and the content of all anthocyanins also decreased significantly. Therefore, we believed that the attempt to establish VIGS system in perennial Rosa plants under field conditions was very successful.
文摘The species and contents of anthocyanins in plant petals can make plants appear pink, red, violet and blue, etc., and play a major role in the coloration of plants. In this study, the species and contents of anthocyanins in the petals of three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars, R. rugosa “Zizhi”, R. rugosa “Fenzizhi” and R. rugosa “Baizizhi”, were analyzed, and the direct cause of the differences in flower color of three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars was inferred. This paper provides a reference for the coloration mechanism and flower color breeding of R. rugosa. The specific methods are as follows: the petals of five flowering stages of three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars were used as materials, and the types and contents of anthocyanins contained in them were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The same six kinds of anthocyanins were identified in R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”, mainly based on the diglycoside of paeoniflorin and cyanidin. The relative contents of the two anthocyanins were higher at budding stage and initial opening stage. In the different flowering stages of R. rugosa “Zizhi”, the content of Pn3G5G was up to 4280.84 ± 20.82 μg·g-1, and the content of Cy3G5G was up to 789.41 ± 1.21 μg·g-1. In R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”, the highest content of Pn3G5G reached 1293.50 ± 17.64 μg·g-1, and the content of Cy3G5G was up to 358.86 ± 3.94 μg·g-1. It could be speculated that the difference in the contents of Pn3G5G and Cy3G5G was the main reason for the difference in coloration between the petals of R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”. A total of five species of anthocyanins were identified in R. rugosa “Baizizhi” and their contents were relatively low. Compared with R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”, the presence of Cy3G was not detected. Therefore, we speculated that the two reasons above might be responsible for the visual white flowers of R. rugosa “Baizizhi”.
文摘R2R3-MYB transcription factor plays an important role in plant anthocyanin synthesis. Based on the transcriptional database of Rosa rugosa, one MYB transcription factor related to floral color, RrMYB6, was cloned. By using bioinformatics analysis method, cloning MYB gene and analyzing its function in anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation, we hope to lay a solid foundation for new color variety breeding of R. rugosa. Using the R. rugosa “Zi zhi” as the material, we obtained the total length of cDNA of RrMYB6 by RT-PCR and RACE. By analyzing its bioinformatics, we found that the formula of the protein was C1491H2368N452O470S17, molecular weight was 34690.97 Da, the theoretical pI was 8.74. In addition, it belonged to unstable protein with an unstable index at 50.59, and it was also a hydrophilic protein with the total average hydrophobic index at -0.847. In the secondary structure of RrMYB6 protein, the Alpha helix accounted for 32.35%, random coil was 47.39%, extended strand was 11.11%, and beta turn was 9.15%. The sequence analysis showed that RrMYB6 had a typical R2R3-MYB domain and bHLH binding domain, and it also had an N1, C1, C2 inhibitory motif, belonging to the Sg4 subfamily MYB protein. What’s more, evolutionary analysis indicated that the RrMYB6 protein was closely related with the MYB protein in Rosacea family, while it was far from those in other families. The expression analysis showed that RrMYB6 protein decreased with the color of petals deeping, and its expression was the lowest in the petals while the highest in stamens. According to the above results, it was speculated that RrMYB6 was involved in regulating the anthocyanin synthesis of R. rugosa, which belonged to negative regulatory mechanism.
文摘Plants have evolved and perfected a series of light receptors to feel the light at different bands and regulate the expression, modification and interaction of related genes in plants through signal transduction. So far, many photoreceptors have been identified in plants, UVR8 has recently been identified as a receptor for UV-B light. This paper cloned a WD40 gene related to UVR8 protein subunit, named RrRUP2, based on the Rosa rugose transcriptome data, using Rosa rugose “Zi zhi” as experimental materials. The full length of cDNA of the gene was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE methods. The total length of this gene is 1173 bp, and it encodes 390 amino acids. After bioinformatics analysis, the molecular formula C3415H5659N1173O1434S313 was predicted;the relative molecular weight was 96129.27 Da;the theoretical isoelectric point PI value was 5.00;and its instability index was 47.06. The total average hydrophobic index was 0.750. In the secondary structure of RrRUP2 protein, there are 10 α-helix, 45 β-helix, 181 Random coil, and 154 Extended strand. Gene Bank Blast results showed that the amino acid sequence encoded by RrRUP2 was more than 90% homologous with the RUP2 protein of Rosa chinensis, Fragaria, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Juglans, Arabidopsis and Tobacco, so it can be inferred that the RrRUP2 gene is a WD repeat-containing protein. Regarding to fluorescence quantitative expression analysis of RrRUP2, we find its experssion pattern is corresponded with the accumulation of anthocyanins.
文摘As an important signal transduction protein, G protein beta subunit gene encoded by oligonucleotides plays an important role in many physiological, biochemical and environmental stresses in plants. In order to understand the action mode of G protein beta subunit gene, this paper cloned a Wd40 gene related to G protein beta subunit gene, named RrG-beta1, based on the R. rugose—transcriptome data, using Rosa rugose “Zi zhi” as experimental materials. The full length of cDNA of the gene was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE methods. The total length of this gene is 981 bp, and it encodes 326 amino acids. After bioinformatics analysis, the molecular formula C1601H2520N450O486S11 was predicted;the relative molecular weight was 36,201.00 Da;the theoretical isoelectric point PI value was 6.71;and its instability index was 30.44. The total average hydrophobic index was -0.847. In the secondary structure of RrG-beta1 protein, there are 17 α-helix, 131 Random coil, and 141 extended peptide chain. Gene Bank Blast results showed that the amino acid sequence encoded by RrG-beta1 was more than 90% homologous with the beta-like protein of Rosa chinensis, Fragaria, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Arabidopsis and tobacco, so it can be inferred that the RrG-beta1 Gene is guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-like protein. Fluorescence quantitative expression analysis of RrG-beta1 protein decreased with the development of flower color, and it was speculated that it could exert negative regulation effect on flower color. The leaf expression was highest in the tissue part, so it was inferred that the signal was transmitted through the stoma on the leaf.
文摘The TTG1 transcription factor plays an important role in the formation of plant trichomes. Based on the R. rugosa transcriptome data, this study cloned a R. rugosa TTG1 gene, named RrTTG1, and carried out bioinformatics analysis and fluorescence quantitative analysis to explore the relationship between TTG1 gene and R. rugosa trichomes formation, in order to lay a good foundation to cultivate a thornless plant in the family Rosaceae. In this experiment, six hybrid cultivars of R. rugosa “Zizhi”, R. rugosa “Xizi”, R. rugosa “Tang fen”, R. rugosa “Hun chun”, R. rugosa “Zi long wo chi” and R. rugosa “Tian e huang” were used as experimental materials, and the cDNA full length of this gene was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE, and the full length of the cDNA was 1348 bp. After bioinformatics analysis, it is predicted that its molecular formula is C1723H2661N465O529S12, the molecular weight is 38.71 KB, and the isoelectric point is 5.00. Its instability index is 54.30, which belongs to unstable protein;and its hydrophilic amino acid distribution is relatively uniform, and the amount is larger than hydrophobic amino acid, which belongs to hydrophilic protein. Phylogenetic tree was constructed for the TTG1 gene. Evolutionary analysis indicated that RrTTG1 is closely related to the TTG1 protein of Rosaceae family, and has a close relationship with other families. The expression analysis showed that the expression of RrTTG1 protein was negatively correlated with the trichome content of R. rugosa stems and leaves. The expression levels of the three spiny varieties of R. rugosa “Hun chun”, R. rugosa “Xizi” and R. rugosa “Zi long wo chi” were lower, and the expressions of the three less thorn varieties of R. rugosa “Zizhi”, R. rugosa “Tian e huang” and R. rugosa “Tang fen” were higher. According to the above results, it was speculated that RrTTG1 is involved in the synthesis of R. rugosa trichomes and belongs to the negative regulation mechanism.
文摘Based on the transcriptome of Rosa rugosa, one anthocyanin-promoting R2R3-MYB gene, RrMYB10.1 (Accession Nos:MH717244), was cloned from the petals of Rosa rugosa ‘Zizhi’. Sequence analysis results showed that RrMYB10.1 had a full length opening reading frame of 747bp, encoding 249 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that RrMYB10.1 contained the conserved R2R3-MYB domain, two atypical anthocyanin-promoting motifs and a conserved amino acid signature for the interaction with bHLH protein. The results of phylogenic tree revealed that RrMYB10.1 showed high homology with other anthocyanin-promoting proteins in Rosacea, and sharing the highest identity (98.39%) with RhMYB10. RT-PCR results showed that RrMYB10.1 was mainly expressed in petals among various tissues and expressed significantly higher in petals in bud stage than in opening period. To sum up, these results showed that RrMYN10.1 may play a key role in regulating anthocyanin concentration, thus providing a certain foundation on regulating flower color formation in Rosa rugosa.
文摘Glycosylation modification fulfills an important role in increasing the stability and solubility of anthocyanin in plants. In this study, based on the transcriptional database of R. rugosa, a gene with full length cDNA of 1161 bp, encoding 386 amino acids, designated as RrGT1, was isolated from flowers of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’ and then functionally characterized. According to online software prediction, the molecular formula of the protein encoded by the RrGT1 gene is C1879H2964N494O556S14, the relative molecular mass is 41,820.02 Da, and the theoretical isoelectric point is pI = 5.03. The result of the RrGT1 protein 3D model construction showed that it had the highest homology with the UDP-glucose: anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase protein model in the database (47.01%). Sequence alignments with the NCBI database showed that the RrGT1 protein is a member of the GTB superfamily. Homology analysis revealed that the coding regions of RrGT1 was highly specific among different species, but still had typical conserved amino acid residues called PSPG that are crucial for RrGT1 enzyme activity. RrGT1 transcripts were detected in five flowering stages and seven tissues of R. rugosa ‘Zizhi’, R. rugosa ‘Fenzizhi’ and R. rugosa ‘Baizizhi’, and their expression patterns corresponded with the accumulation of anthocyanins. Therefore, we speculated that glycosylation of RrGT1 plays a crucial role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in R. rugosa.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(E2021201044)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51802068 and 52073144).
文摘Antiferroelectric(AFE)materials are promising for the applications in advanced high-power electric and electronic devices.Among them,AgNbO_(3)(AN)-based ceramics have gained considerable attention due to their excellent energy storage performance.Herein,multiscale synergistic modulation is proposed to improve the energy storage performance of AN-based materials,whereby the multilayer structure is employed to improve the breakdown strength(Eb),and Sm/Ta doping is utilized to enhance the AFE stability.As a result,ultrahigh recoverable energy storage density(Wrec)up to 15.0 J·cm^(-3) and energy efficiency of 82.8%are obtained at 1500 kV·cm^(-3) in Sm/Ta co-doped AN multilayer ceramic capacitor(MLCC),which are superior to those of the state-of-the-art AN-based ceramic capacitor.Moreover,the discharge energy density(Wa)in direct-current charge-discharge performance reaches 9.1 J·cm^(-3),which is superior to that of the reported lead-free energy storage systems.The synergistic design of composition and multilayer structure provides an applicable method to optimize the energy storage performance in all dielectric energy storage systems.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51802068 and No.52073144)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.E2021201044)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BK20201301)the State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic and Fine Processing Tsinghua University(No.KF202114).
文摘Lead-free antiferroelectric ceramics with high energy storage performance show great potential in pulsed power capacitors.However,poor breakdown strength and antiferroelectric stability are the two main drawbacks that limit the energy storage performance of antiferroelectric ceramics.Herein,highquality(Ag_(1-x)Na_(x))(Nb_(1-x)Ta_(x))O_(3)ceramics were prepared by the tape casting process.The breakdown strength was greatly improved as a result of the high density and fine grains,while the antiferroelectric stability was enhanced owning to the M2 phase.Benefiting from the synergistic improvement in breakdown strength and antiferroelectric stability,(Ag_(0.80)Na_(0.20))(Nb_(0.80)Ta_(0.20))O_(3)ceramic reveals a benign energy storage performance of W_(rec)=5.8 J/cm^(3)and h=61.7%with good temperature stability,frequency stability and cycling reliability.It is also found that the high applied electric field can promote the M2-M3 phase transition,which may provide ideas to improve the thermal stability of the energy storage performance in AgNbO_(3)-based ceramics.
基金funded supported by the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS(Nos.ZDBS-LY-SLH036 and QYKJZD-SSW-SLH02).
文摘Nature inspired deformable heterogeneous smart hydrogels have attracted much attention in many fields such as biomedicine devices and soft actuators.However,normal spatial heterogeneous hydrogel structures can only respond to single factor and take one action as set in fabrication.Herein,we report a pre-stretched metal-liganded shape memory hydrogel with fiber reinforced,P(AAc-co-AAm)/CCNFs-Fe3+(CCNFs:carboxylated cellulose nanofibers,AAc:acrylic acid,AAm:acrylamide),which can conduct shape deformation by solvent induction and ultraviolet(UV)light.The deformation pattern could be programmed by the deposing of ferroin ions.Also,the pre-stretched shape memory hydrogels could effectively produce cyclic actuation or complex shape actuation by UV light.More importantly,combining the solvent response with the light response enabled complex reversible actuations,such as simulating the bending and unfolding of fingers.The addition of CCNFs significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogels.The hydrogels with 3 wt.%CCNFs showed an elongation at break of about 500%and a significant increase in tensile strength of 8.7-fold to 1.55 MPa after coordination with metal ions,which was able to meet the mechanical requirements of the bionic actuated hydrogels.This work demonstrated that combining light-programmed and light-responsive shape-memory hydrogels,complemented by another independent response property,could achieve complex and reversible programmed actuations.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(No.51802068 and No.52073144)the Natural Sci-ence Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.E2021201044)+4 种基金the Advanced Talents Incubation Program of the Hebei University,China(No.801260201180)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(No.BK20201301)the State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic and Fine Processing Tsinghua University(No.KF202005 and No.KF202114)China Postdoctoral Science Foun-dation(No.2021M692491)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515110251).
文摘AgNbO_(3) is an antiferroelectric (AFE) material with double hysteresis loop. Both the antiferroelectricityand ferroelectricity can be enhanced by doping. Herein, the ferroelectricity of AgNbO_(3) ceramics wasenhanced via K-doping and the phase diagram of the (Ag_(1-x)K_(x))NbO_(3) ceramics was upgraded. In details,(Ag_(1-x)K_(x))NbO_(3) ceramics are ferrielectric (FIE) M1 phase as x=5.00-5.50 mol% and ferroelectric (FE) Ophase as x=5.75-6.00 mol% before poling, and FE O phase as x=5.00-6.00 mol% after poling at roomtemperature. With increasing temperature, (Ag_(1-x)K_(x))NbO_(3) ceramics show the phase evolutions from FIEM1, AFE M2 to paraelectric (PE) T phase at x=5.00-5.50 mol% and from FE O, FE T to PE T phase at x=5.75-6.00 mol% before poling, and from FE O, FE T to PE T phase at x=5.00-6.00 mol% after poling.High d33 values of 180 pC/N and 285 pC/N are obtained at the FE O-FE T and FE T-PE T phase boundaries.This work sheds light on a novel and promising lead-free piezoelectric system.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3803600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62372023)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment,China(SKLSDE-2023ZX-11).
文摘Light Field(LF)depth estimation is an important research direction in the area of computer vision and computational photography,which aims to infer the depth information of different objects in threedimensional scenes by capturing LF data.Given this new era of significance,this article introduces a survey of the key concepts,methods,novel applications,and future trends in this area.We summarize the LF depth estimation methods,which are usually based on the interaction of radiance from rays in all directions of the LF data,such as epipolar-plane,multi-view geometry,focal stack,and deep learning.We analyze the many challenges facing each of these approaches,including complex algorithms,large amounts of computation,and speed requirements.In addition,this survey summarizes most of the currently available methods,conducts some comparative experiments,discusses the results,and investigates the novel directions in LF depth estimation.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3803600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62372023)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment,PR China(SKLSDE-2023ZX-11)。
文摘Compared to 2D imaging data,the 4D light field(LF)data retains richer scene’s structure information,which can significantly improve the computer’s perception capability,including depth estimation,semantic segmentation,and LF rendering.However,there is a contradiction between spatial and angular resolution during the LF image acquisition period.To overcome the above problem,researchers have gradually focused on the light field super-resolution(LFSR).In the traditional solutions,researchers achieved the LFSR based on various optimization frameworks,such as Bayesian and Gaussian models.Deep learning-based methods are more popular than conventional methods because they have better performance and more robust generalization capabilities.In this paper,the present approach can mainly divided into conventional methods and deep learning-based methods.We discuss these two branches in light field spatial super-resolution(LFSSR),light field angular super-resolution(LFASR),and light field spatial and angular super-resolution(LFSASR),respectively.Subsequently,this paper also introduces the primary public datasets and analyzes the performance of the prevalent approaches on these datasets.Finally,we discuss the potential innovations of the LFSR to propose the progress of our research field.
