This paper reflects the scopes of accelerator driven system (ADS) based nuclear energy, as a reliable source of electric energy generation, comparing to the other existing non-renewable and renewable sources. There ar...This paper reflects the scopes of accelerator driven system (ADS) based nuclear energy, as a reliable source of electric energy generation, comparing to the other existing non-renewable and renewable sources. There are different limitations in the use of every source of electric energy but in consideration of minimum environmental impact, exclusively inherently low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and also, high life time with maximum power production efficiency, nuclear would be the best choice. From this study it was found that several difficulties involved in the ADS based energy production, more specifically, difficulties regarding the target parameters, coding system, waste management, etc. Hence suggestions from this study points out that if it is possible to ensure more energy efficient production of enriched uranium, improved nuclear fuels and reactors that allow greater utilization, extended life times for nuclear power plants (NPPs) that reduce the need to build new facilities, improved coding system capable of minimizing the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental calculation of spallation products, improved data library with sufficiently available high energy nuclear data to perform a better coding analysis, and finally, considering the environmental safety if the disposal of the radioactive wastes could manage more effectively, nuclear energy would then play a significant role in minimizing future energy crisis worldwide as well as to save our loving green earth.展开更多
A series of Cr<sup>3+</sup>-substituted Mn-Ni–Zn ferrites;Mn<sub>0.5</sub>Ni<sub>0.1</sub>Zn<sub>0.4</sub>Fe<sub>2-x</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>O<sub...A series of Cr<sup>3+</sup>-substituted Mn-Ni–Zn ferrites;Mn<sub>0.5</sub>Ni<sub>0.1</sub>Zn<sub>0.4</sub>Fe<sub>2-x</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (<em>x</em> = 0.0 - 0.4 in a step of 0.1) were prepared by traditional solid-state reaction route. The structural, magnetic, dielectric properties and impedance spectroscopy of these compositions were studied. Phase identification and lattice constant (a<sub>0</sub>) determination were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns established the fabrication of a single-phase spinel structure. The FESEM micrographs exposed that the average grain size (<img src="Edit_da92e8c9-165d-4d71-aaf5-717db2aa65e1.png" alt="" />) increased slightly with chromium (Cr) substitution and then decreased for a higher concentration of chromium in the composition. The real part of initial permeability (<img src="Edit_1d356971-e483-44dc-875c-698f938e7d9f.png" alt="" />) diminished owing to the enhanced porosity of the compositions with the increase of Cr<sup>3+</sup> content in the composition. The highest relative quality factor (RQF) was attained for the samples with x = 0.1. The magnetic hysteresis was investigated to know the effect of Cr<sup>3+</sup> substitution in the composition of the magnetic properties. The decrease of saturation magnetization (<em>M<sub>s</sub></em>) with an enhancement in Cr<sup>3+</sup> might be triggered by switching of Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions from octahedral to tetrahedral site. The samples with x = 0.1 exhibited the highest anisotropy constant (<em>K</em>). Curie temperatures of the investigated samples were significantly modified to lower temperatures with the Cr<sup>3+</sup> content. The frequency characteristics of dielectric properties and impedance spectroscopy had been investigated. The highest dielectric constant (<em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ε</span>'</em>) and resistivity were observed for x = 0.1 and x = 0.2 samples. The complex impedance spectra analysis reveals in-depth information about the conduction mechanism, microstructure, and orientation of the grains in the samples.展开更多
文摘This paper reflects the scopes of accelerator driven system (ADS) based nuclear energy, as a reliable source of electric energy generation, comparing to the other existing non-renewable and renewable sources. There are different limitations in the use of every source of electric energy but in consideration of minimum environmental impact, exclusively inherently low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and also, high life time with maximum power production efficiency, nuclear would be the best choice. From this study it was found that several difficulties involved in the ADS based energy production, more specifically, difficulties regarding the target parameters, coding system, waste management, etc. Hence suggestions from this study points out that if it is possible to ensure more energy efficient production of enriched uranium, improved nuclear fuels and reactors that allow greater utilization, extended life times for nuclear power plants (NPPs) that reduce the need to build new facilities, improved coding system capable of minimizing the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental calculation of spallation products, improved data library with sufficiently available high energy nuclear data to perform a better coding analysis, and finally, considering the environmental safety if the disposal of the radioactive wastes could manage more effectively, nuclear energy would then play a significant role in minimizing future energy crisis worldwide as well as to save our loving green earth.
文摘A series of Cr<sup>3+</sup>-substituted Mn-Ni–Zn ferrites;Mn<sub>0.5</sub>Ni<sub>0.1</sub>Zn<sub>0.4</sub>Fe<sub>2-x</sub>Cr<sub>x</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (<em>x</em> = 0.0 - 0.4 in a step of 0.1) were prepared by traditional solid-state reaction route. The structural, magnetic, dielectric properties and impedance spectroscopy of these compositions were studied. Phase identification and lattice constant (a<sub>0</sub>) determination were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns established the fabrication of a single-phase spinel structure. The FESEM micrographs exposed that the average grain size (<img src="Edit_da92e8c9-165d-4d71-aaf5-717db2aa65e1.png" alt="" />) increased slightly with chromium (Cr) substitution and then decreased for a higher concentration of chromium in the composition. The real part of initial permeability (<img src="Edit_1d356971-e483-44dc-875c-698f938e7d9f.png" alt="" />) diminished owing to the enhanced porosity of the compositions with the increase of Cr<sup>3+</sup> content in the composition. The highest relative quality factor (RQF) was attained for the samples with x = 0.1. The magnetic hysteresis was investigated to know the effect of Cr<sup>3+</sup> substitution in the composition of the magnetic properties. The decrease of saturation magnetization (<em>M<sub>s</sub></em>) with an enhancement in Cr<sup>3+</sup> might be triggered by switching of Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions from octahedral to tetrahedral site. The samples with x = 0.1 exhibited the highest anisotropy constant (<em>K</em>). Curie temperatures of the investigated samples were significantly modified to lower temperatures with the Cr<sup>3+</sup> content. The frequency characteristics of dielectric properties and impedance spectroscopy had been investigated. The highest dielectric constant (<em><span style="white-space:nowrap;">ε</span>'</em>) and resistivity were observed for x = 0.1 and x = 0.2 samples. The complex impedance spectra analysis reveals in-depth information about the conduction mechanism, microstructure, and orientation of the grains in the samples.
