Diabetes and skin cancers: Risk factors, molecular mechanisms and impact on prognosis

Diabetes and skin cancers have emerged as threats to public health worldwide.However,their association has been less intensively studied.In this narrative review,we explore the common risk factors,molecular mechanisms,and prognosis of the association between cutaneous malignancies and diabetes.Hyperglycemia,oxidative stress,low-grade chronic inflammation,genetic,lifestyle,and environmental factors partially explain the crosstalk between skin cancers and this metabolic disorder.In addition,diabetes and its related complications may interfere with the appropriate management of cutaneous malignancies.Antidiabetic medication seems to exert an antineoplastic effect,however,future large,observation studies with a prospective design are needed to clarify its impact on the risk of malignancy in diabetes.Screening for diabetes in skin cancers,as well as close follow-up for the development of cutaneous malignancies in subjects suffering from diabetes,is warranted.

Oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination:Immune mechanisms and clinical approach

COVID-19 vaccination,although is a promising tool to overcome the pandemic,has side effects.There are in-creasing reports of oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination.The aim of this review is to identify the occurrence of some oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination,and highlight the underlying immune mechanisms involved.A narrative literature review was performed by searching electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus and Web of Science to investigate the oral lesions after COVID-19 vaccination.The inclusion criteria were original stud-ies,including the case reports,case series,letter to the editor,and cross-sectional studies.The exclusion criteria included the studies which examined the oral lesions caused by COVID-19 infection.The information,including the number of participant(s)receiving vaccine,type of vaccine,dose number,side effect(s),time of onset fol-lowing vaccination,healing time,treatment strategies for the existing lesions,and related mechanisms were then summarized in a data extraction sheet.The results of this review showed that some vaccines had side effects with oral involvement such as pemphigus vulgaris,bullous pemphigoid,herpes zoster,lichen planus,Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Behçet’s disease.Future research needs to elucidate the physiopathology of oral manifestations after the COVID-19 vaccination,and better understand the risk factors associated with such responses.Sometimes vaccine’s side effects may be due to the nocebo effect,which means that the person expects some adverse events to occur following the vaccine administration.