Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of different organic crude extracts from the local medicinal plant of Thymus vulgaris L

Objective:To isolate and analyze the chemical composition in different crude extracts of from the leaves of locally grown of Thymus vulgaris L(T.vulgaris)by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Methods:The shade dried leaves powder was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor.Methanol crude extracts of T.vulgaris and the derived fractions of hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained.Results:Qualitative analyses of various organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris by using GC-MS showed that there were different types of high and low molecular weight compounds.Most of the isolated and identified compounds by GC-MS in the crude extracts are basically biologically important.Further,the T.vulgaris leaf possessed certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation.The crude extracts were prepared from the powder leaves of T.vulgaris for respective compounds can be chosen on the basis of above GC-MS analysis.Conclusions:All the major compounds were identified and characterized by spectroscopic method in different organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris are biologically active molecules.Thus the identification of a good number of compounds in various crude extracts of T.vulgaris might have some ecological role.

Chemical composition of essential oils and in vitro antioxidant activity of fresh and dry leaves crude extracts of medicinal plant of Lactuca Sativa L.native to sultanate of Oman

Objective:To isolate and analyse the chemical composition in the essential oils and free radical scavenging activity of different crude extracts from the fresh and dry leaves of vegetable plants of Lactuca sativa L.(L.sativa).Methods:The essential oils and volatile chemical constituents were isolated from the fresh and dry leaves of L.sativa(lettuce)grown in Sultanate of Oman by hydro distillation method.The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was carried out by well established free radical scavenging activity(DPPH)method.Results:About 20 chemical compounds of different concentration representing 83.07%and 79.88%respectively were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in the essential oils isolated from the fresh and dry leaves asα-pinene(5.11%and 4.05%).γ-cymene(2.07%and 1.92%),thymol(11.55%and 10.73%),durenol(52.00%and 49.79%),α-terpinene(1.66%and 1.34%),thymol acetate(0.99%and 0.67%),caryophyllene(2.11%and 1.98%),spathulenol(3.09%and 2.98%).camphene(4.11%and3.65%),limonene(1.28%and 1.11%)representing these major chemical compounds.However,some other minor chemical constituents were also isolated and identified from the essential oil of lettuce including p-pinene,α-terpinolene,linalool,4-terpineol,α-terpineol,o-methylthymol,L-alloaromadendrene and viridiflorene.Conclusions:The chemical consliluents in the essential oils from the locally grown lettuce were identified in the following classes or groups of chemical compounds such as monoterpenes,sesquiterpenes volatile organic compounds and their oxygenated hydrocarbons.Therefore,the essential oils and the crude extracts from Omani vegetable species of lettuce are active candidates which would be used as antioxidant,antifungal or antimicrobial agents in new drugs preparation for therapy of infectious diseases.

Study of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris

Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of seeds and flowers crude extracts of sunflower

Oil-producing crops,including Helianthus annuus L.(H.annuus,Sunflower),have been used for the treatment of different human diseases since ancient times.This study aims to determine the antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of different polarities of seeds and flower extracts of locally grown H.annuus by well-established bioassays.To achieve the objects,the plant extracts were prepared from both flowers and seeds powder samples individually with methanol solvent by using a Soxhlet extraction method.The antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of the flowers and seed extracts were determined by the in vitro diffusion and brine shrimp method(BSL).The results of the antimicrobial potential of both prepared flower and seed extracts of various polarities at different concentrations showed promising potential against the gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains,within the range of inhibition zone 0–20 mm.Among the flower extracts,the highest potential was obtained in water extract and the lowest potential was in butanol extract followed by water>ethyl acetate>hexane>methanol>chloroform>butanol extracts.However,from the seed extracts,the highest potential was obtained in water extract and the lowest potential was in the methanol extract followed by water>hexane>butanol>ethyl acetate>chloroform>methanol extract.On the other hand,the results of cytotoxicity among the flowers extracts against the brine shrimp method where the highest LC50 against brine shrimp nauplii were found to be 31.25μg/mL in water extract and the lowest LC50 was 1345.86μg/mL in chloroform extract followed by water>ethyl acetate>hexane>butanol>methanol>chloroform extract.Similarly,different polarities of seed extracts,the highest LC50 against brine shrimp nauplii was shown to be 109.56μg/mL in butanol extract and the lowest LC50 was 1513.56μg/mL in ethyl acetate extract followed by butanol>hexane>water>methanol>chloroform>ethyl acetate extract.In conclusion,the results showed that both flowers and seeds extracts at various concentrations have promising potential against the positive and negative bacterial strains and the highest potential water extract could be used as natural broad-spectrum antibiotics as herbal medicine to treat different human infectious diseases.

The ASEAN experience of the purchasing power parity theory

We used panel data analysis to evaluate the relative purchasing power parity(PPP)hypothesis of the ten ASEAN member countries between 1973 and 2015.We incorporated the cross-sectionally augmented panel unit root test as proposed by Pesaran(J Appl Econ 22:265-312,2007).For panel cointegration analysis,we employed the four error-correction-based Westerlund(Oxf Bull Econ Stat 69:709-748,2007)panel cointegration tests.The Westerlund(Oxf Bull Econ Stat 69:709-748,2007)tests are general enough to permit a large degree of heterogeneity,both in the long-run cointegrating relationship and in the short-run dynamics,and dependence within as well as across the cross-sectional units.To check the robustness of the results,we further estimated the cointegration test excluding Indonesia and Brunei.The findings support our initial results.Further,all the results overwhelmingly support the relative PPP hypothesis.Consequently,the monetary authority would be able to implement a self-regulating monetary policy.It would also be able to control the exchange rates.

Copper and Mercury in Food, Biological and Pharmaceutical Samples: Spectrophotometric Estimation as Cu(DDTC)₂

An alternative spectrophotometric method was optimized and validated for the estimation of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), a common reagent, widely used for the preconcentration and isolation of metal ions in complex matrices followed by their estimation by varied techniques. Diethyldithiocarbamate forms yellow Cu(DDTC)2 with copper and white Hg(DDTC)2 with mercury (having d10 system) which are extracted in CCl4. The UV-visible spectrum of Cu(DDTC)2 is very stable at pH 5.0 and has a maximum absorption (λmax) at 435 nm. Hg(DDTC)2 is more stable than Cu(DDTC)2. Estimation of mercury is based on a quantitative displacement of Cu(II) of Cu(DDTC)2 with the addition of mercury followed by the measurement of reduced absorbance. Primarily, method was optimized and validated for the estimation of copper. Therefore, simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II) in mixture is proposed fractionating the extract. The molar specific coefficient (ε) for the mercury was 1.4 × 104 mol﹣1·L·cm﹣1 and for copper was 3.16 × 105 mol﹣1·L·cm﹣1 at 435 nm. The detection limits of Cu2+ and Hg2+ were 0.023 μg·mL﹣1 and 0.029 μg·mL﹣1, respectively. The calibration curve shows good linearity of 0.02 - 12.0 and 0.02 - 15.0 μg·mL﹣1 for the Cu2+ and Hg2+ determination, respectively. Proposed technique was applied to food, biological and pharmaceutical samples for the determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II).

Effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, nutrient uptake and curcumin production of turmeric (<i>Curcuma longa </i>L.)

Profitable turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) production requires adequate nutrients. We have investigated the effect of inoculation with arbus cular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth, nutrient uptake, yield and curcumin production of turmeric under field and glasshouse conditions. Although AMF inoculation slightly increased plant height, leaf number and shoot N content, no statistical differences were observed in vegetative growth parameters, biomass production, nutrient uptake and curcumin content compared to control plants under field conditions. It was difficult to determine the exact effect of inoculated AMF on turmeric growth because of indigenous AMF. On the other hand, turmeric showed better response to AMF inoculation under greenhouse conditions. AMF inoculation resulted in higher biomass production and nutrient uptake of turmeric. Moreover the concen tration of curcumin, contained in the rhizome of turmeric, increased in AMF treatment. These results indicate that AMF inoculation has beneficial effects on turmeric growth and curcumin production. AMF inoculation to turmeric field would be effective when indigenous soil populations of AMF are low or native AMF are no longer effective.

Characterization of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds from aerial parts of Haplophyllum tuberculatum

The aerial parts of Haplophyllum tuberculatum(H.tuberculatum)have traditionally been used by local communities to treat fever,gastrointestinal disorders,worms,malaria and fractures,how-ever,the responsible ingredients of the selected medicinal plant have not been identified.In the present study,antibacterial and antioxidant ingredients were isolated and characterized from the plant parts of locally grown H.tuberculatum,and their biological activity was evaluated.The powder aerial parts were extracted with methanol and the extract was successively frac-tionated with different polarities of solvents.All polarities of extracts(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,butanol,methanol and water)were used to determine their antibacterial and antioxi-dant activity by established in-vitro method.The disk diffusion and free radical scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)methods were used to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the prepared extracts and pure isolated compounds at different concentrations against three strains of Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria.The antibacterial activity results showed that all prepared fractions and isolated pure compounds of the plant species gave signif-icant activity against all Gram(+and-)bacterial strains with the range of inhibition 0-20 mm.The antioxidant activity of the prepared extracts at all concentrations also showed substantial activity.Based on the highest activity,ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts were selected for the separation and isolation of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds by thin layer chromatogra-phy(TLC),column chromatography(CC),and preparative thin layer chromatography(PTLIC).The structure of the isolated antioxidant and antibacterial compounds from the ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts were determined on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and mass spectra.The isolated pure compounds and active extracts could be used as a medicine for various infectious related diseases.

A new antimicrobial compound from the leaves of Dodonaea viscosa for infectious diseases

The main aim of this research work was to isolate and characterize the antimicrobial compounds that can be extracted from the leaves of Dodonaea viscosa(D.viscosa)and to assess their antimicrobial potency by established in-vitro agar diffusion method.The methanol extract was liquefied and fractioned by using a separatory funnel and organic solvents having different polarities.The agar diffusion technique was used to assess the antimicrobial potency of extracts and pure compounds against 5 g(+and-)microbial strains.Antimicrobial potency results showed that all extracts and isolated pure compounds provided significant antimicrobial potency against the applied microbial strains.The highest activity chloroform extract was analysed by column chromatography(CC)for the isolation of antimicrobial compounds.The structure of the isolated compounds was characterized based on 1D,2D NMR and MS spectra.In conclusion,purest compounds might be useful as a remedy for infectious diseases.

Studies on free-radical scavenging activity and identification of active ingredients of different plant crude extracts of Mentha piperita collected from Sur,Sultanate of Oman

Objective:To determine free radical scavenging activity and active chemical ingredients of different plant crude extracts of Mentha piperita(M.piperita).Methods:The dried powder leaves of M.piperita were extracted with polar organic solvent by Soxhlet extractor.The crude extract and its fractions of hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol crude extracts were prepared.The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts from M.piperita was carried out by DPPH method with minor modification,and the active chemical ingredients of different plant crude extracts of M.piperita were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Results:Qualitative analysis of different polarities crude extracts by GC-MS found different types of active organic compounds.The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts were found to be in the order of chloroform extract>butanol extract>ethyl acetate extract>hexane extract>methanol extract.Majority identified compounds in the plant crude extracts by GC-MS were biologically active.Conclusions:Therefore,the isolation,purification,identification and characterization of bioactive compounds from various crude extracts of M.piperita might have ecological significance.

Evaluation of total phenols,total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the leaves crude extracts of locally grown pigeon pea traditionally used in Sultanate of Oman for the treatment of jaundice and diabetes

Objective:To determine the total phenols,total flavonoids and evaluate the antioxidant activity of crude extracts from the leaves of pigeon pea native to Sultanate of Oman by a popular method.Methods:The powdered leaves samples from pigeon pea were used for extraction by maceration method with methanol solvent.The methanol free crude extract by maceration method was suspended in water and successively extracted with different polarities of solvents.The obtained crude extracts with different polarities were used for the determination of total phenols and flavonoids contents by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride methods.The antioxidant activity of six crude extracts from pigeon pea was determined byα,αα-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl method.Results:The different polarities leaves crude extracts showed a significant amount of total phenols content ranging from 97.80 to 256.00 mg of GAE/g of crude extract.The same leaves crude extracts also showed good amount of total flavonoids content ranging from 1.38 to 8.51 mg QE/g plant material.The six crude extracts from the leaves displayed significantα,αα-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity with highest value in chloroform extract followed by methanol,butanol,ethyl acetate,hexane and water crude extracts(98.13%,89.26%,88.82%,86.41%,79.95%and 69.44%,respectively).Conclusions:Leaves crude extracts from pigeon pea have high contents of total phenols and flavonoids.In this regards,it could be used as a medicine for the treatment of different diseases.

Phytochemical studies of various polarities leave crude extracts of Omani Datura metel L.and evaluation of their antimicrobial potential

Objective:To identify the chemical constituents and evaluate antimicrobial potential of various crude extracts from leaves of Datura metel grown in Oman.Methods:The leaf samples were collected from the University of Nizwa and extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor.The isolated crude extract was defatted with distilled water and extracted with solvents of different polarities including hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol.Chemical compositions of the crude extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and their antimicrobial potential was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method against one Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonus aeruginosa.Results:The crude extracts were composed of different organic compounds such as alkaloids,hydrocarbons,aromatic hydrocarbons,organic acids,terpenoids,vitamin etc.The methanol and its fractionated crude extracts showed antimicrobial potential with inhibition zone in the range of 0-13 mm.Conclusions:The selective crude extract from the leaves of Datura metel could be used as natural antibiotics.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential of different polarities stem crude extracts by different extraction methods of Adenium obesum

Objective:To select best extraction method for the isolated antioxidant compounds from the stems of Adenium obesum.Methods:Two methods used for the extraction are Soxhlet and maceration methods.Methanol solvent was used for both extraction method.The methanol crude extract was defatted with water and extracted successively with hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol solvents.The antioxidant potential for all crude extracts were determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method.Results:The percentage of extraction yield by Soxhlet method is higher compared to maceration method.The antioxidant potential for methanol and its derived fractions by Soxhlet extractor method was highest in ethyl acetate and lowest in hexane crude extracts and found in the order of ethyl acetate>butanol>water>chloroform>methanol>hexane.However,the antioxidant potential for methanol and its derived fractions by maceration method was highest in butanol and lowest in hexane followed in the order of butanol>methanol>chloroform>water>ethyl acetate>hexane.Conclusions:The results showed that isolate antioxidant compounds effected on the extraction method and condition of extraction.