Ras gene mutation has been observed in more than 30%of cancers,and 90%of pancreatic,lung and colon cancers.Ras proteins(K-Ras,H-Ras,N-Ras)act as molecular switches which are activated by binding to GTP.They play a rol...Ras gene mutation has been observed in more than 30%of cancers,and 90%of pancreatic,lung and colon cancers.Ras proteins(K-Ras,H-Ras,N-Ras)act as molecular switches which are activated by binding to GTP.They play a role in the cascade of cell process control(proliferation and cell division).In the inactive state,transforming GTP to GDP leads to the activation of GTpase in Ras gene.However,the mutation in Ras leads to the loss of internal GTPase activity and permanent activation of the protein.The activated Ras can promote the cell death or stop cell growth,which are facilitated by Ras-association domain family.Various studies have been conducted to determine the importance of losing RASSF proteins in Rasinduced tumors.This paper examines the role of Ras and RASSF proteins.In general,RASSF proteins can be used as a suitable means for targeting a large group of Ras-induced tumors.展开更多
Hippo Tumor Suppressor Pathway is the main pathway for cell growth that regulates tissue enlargement and organ size by limiting cell growth.This pathway is activated in response to cell cycle arrest signals(cell polar...Hippo Tumor Suppressor Pathway is the main pathway for cell growth that regulates tissue enlargement and organ size by limiting cell growth.This pathway is activated in response to cell cycle arrest signals(cell polarity,transduction,and DNA damage)and limited by growth factors or mitogens associated with EGF and LPA.The major pathway consists of the central kinase of Ste20 MAPK(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),Hpo(Drosophila melanogaster)or MST kinases(mammalian)that activates the mammalian AGC kinase dmWts or LATS effector(MST and LATS).YAP in the nucleus work as a cofactor for a wide range of transcription factors involved in proliferation(TEA domain family,TEAD1-4),stem cells(Oct4 mononuclear factor and SMAD-related TGFb effector),differentiation(RUNX1),and Cell cycle/apoptosis control(p53,p63,and p73 family members).This is due to the diverse roles of YAP and may limit tumor progression and establishment.TEAD also coordinates various signal transduction pathways such as Hippo,WNT,TGFb and EGFR,and effects on lack of regulation of TEAD cancerous genes,such as KRAS,BRAF,LKB1,NF2 and MYC,which play essential roles in tumor progression,metastasis,cancer metabolism,immunity,and drug resistance.However,RAS signaling is a pivotal factor in the inactivation of Hippo,which controls EGFR-RAS-RAF-MEK-ERKmediated interaction of Hippo signaling.Thus,the loss of the Hippo pathway may have significant consequences on the targets of RAS-RAF mutations in cancer.展开更多
文摘Ras gene mutation has been observed in more than 30%of cancers,and 90%of pancreatic,lung and colon cancers.Ras proteins(K-Ras,H-Ras,N-Ras)act as molecular switches which are activated by binding to GTP.They play a role in the cascade of cell process control(proliferation and cell division).In the inactive state,transforming GTP to GDP leads to the activation of GTpase in Ras gene.However,the mutation in Ras leads to the loss of internal GTPase activity and permanent activation of the protein.The activated Ras can promote the cell death or stop cell growth,which are facilitated by Ras-association domain family.Various studies have been conducted to determine the importance of losing RASSF proteins in Rasinduced tumors.This paper examines the role of Ras and RASSF proteins.In general,RASSF proteins can be used as a suitable means for targeting a large group of Ras-induced tumors.
文摘Hippo Tumor Suppressor Pathway is the main pathway for cell growth that regulates tissue enlargement and organ size by limiting cell growth.This pathway is activated in response to cell cycle arrest signals(cell polarity,transduction,and DNA damage)and limited by growth factors or mitogens associated with EGF and LPA.The major pathway consists of the central kinase of Ste20 MAPK(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),Hpo(Drosophila melanogaster)or MST kinases(mammalian)that activates the mammalian AGC kinase dmWts or LATS effector(MST and LATS).YAP in the nucleus work as a cofactor for a wide range of transcription factors involved in proliferation(TEA domain family,TEAD1-4),stem cells(Oct4 mononuclear factor and SMAD-related TGFb effector),differentiation(RUNX1),and Cell cycle/apoptosis control(p53,p63,and p73 family members).This is due to the diverse roles of YAP and may limit tumor progression and establishment.TEAD also coordinates various signal transduction pathways such as Hippo,WNT,TGFb and EGFR,and effects on lack of regulation of TEAD cancerous genes,such as KRAS,BRAF,LKB1,NF2 and MYC,which play essential roles in tumor progression,metastasis,cancer metabolism,immunity,and drug resistance.However,RAS signaling is a pivotal factor in the inactivation of Hippo,which controls EGFR-RAS-RAF-MEK-ERKmediated interaction of Hippo signaling.Thus,the loss of the Hippo pathway may have significant consequences on the targets of RAS-RAF mutations in cancer.
